§ O
1.1  A O
description O
of O
the O
known O
world O
is O
what O
I O
(Pomponius O
Mela) O
set O
out O
to O
give O
a O
difficult O
task O
and O
one O
hardly O
suited O
to O
eloquence O
since O
it O
consists O
chiefly O
in O
names O
of O
peoples O
and O
places O
and O
in O
their O
fairly O
puzzling O
arrangement. O
To O
trace O
this O
arrangement O
completely O
is O
a O
time O
consuming O
rather O
than O
a O
welcome O
subject O
but O
nevertheless O
a O
very O
worthwhile O
thing O
to O
consider O
and O
understand. O
It O
repays O
the O
effort O
of O
those O
who O
give O
it O
attention O
— O
at O
least O
by O
the O
very O
act O
of O
contemplating O
it O
if O
not O
by O
the O
richness O
of O
this O
supplicant's O
natural O
talent. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.2  I O
should O
however O
say O
more O
elsewhere O
and O
with O
greater O
preciseness. O
Now O
let O
me O
address O
the O
things O
that O
are O
most O
unambiguous O
as O
they O
all O
certainly O
will O
be O
even O
in O
a O
summary O
treatment. O
To O
start O
with O
in O
fact O
let O
me O
untangle O
what O
the O
shape O
of O
the O
whole O
is O
what O
its O
greatest O
parts O
are O
what O
the O
condition O
of O
its O
parts O
taken O
one O
at O
a O
time O
is O
and O
how O
they O
are O
inhabited; O
then O
back O
to O
the O
borders O
and O
coasts O
of O
all O
lands O
(a) O
as O
they O
exist O
to O
the O
interior O
and O
on O
the O
seacoast O
(b) O
to O
the O
extent O
that O
the O
sea O
enters O
them O
and O
washes O
up O
around O
them O
and O
(c) O
with O
those O
additions O
that O
in O
the O
nature O
of O
the O
regions O
and O
their O
inhabitants O
need O
to O
be O
recorded. O
So O
that O
this O
outline O
can O
be O
known O
and O
grasped O
more O
easily O
its O
full O
extent O
will O
be O
revisited O
in O
a O
little O
more O
depth. O
The O
Shape O
of O
the O
Whole O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.3  Whatever O
all O
this O
is O
therefore O
on O
which O
we O
have O
bestowed O
the O
name O
of O
world O
and O
sky O
it O
is O
a O
single O
unity O
and O
embraces O
itself O
and O
all O
things O
with O
a O
single O
ambit. O
It O
differs O
in O
its O
parts. O
Where O
the O
sun O
rises O
is O
designated O
formally O
as O
east O
or O
sunrise; O
where O
it O
sinks O
as O
west O
or O
sunset; O
where O
it O
begins O
its O
descent O
south; O
in O
the O
opposite O
direction O
north. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.4  In O
the O
middle O
of O
this O
unity O
the O
uplifted O
earth O
is O
encircled O
on O
all O
sides O
by O
the O
sea. O
In O
the O
same O
way O
the O
earth O
also O
is O
divided O
from O
east O
to O
west O
into O
two O
halves O
which O
they O
term O
hemispheres O
and O
it O
is O
differentiated O
by O
five O
horizontal O
zones. O
Heat O
makes O
the O
middle O
zone O
unlivable O
and O
cold O
does O
so O
to O
the O
outermost O
ones. O
The O
remaining O
two O
habitable O
zones O
have O
the O
same O
annual O
seasons O
but O
not O
at O
the O
same O
time. O
The Antichthones inhabit O
one O
we O
the O
other. O
The O
chorography O
of O
the O
former O
zone O
is O
unknown O
because O
of O
the O
heat O
of O
the O
intervening O
expanse O
and O
the O
chorography O
of O
the O
latter O
is O
now O
to O
be O
described. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.5  The O
Three O
Continents O
This O
zone O
stretches O
from O
east O
to O
west O
and O
because O
it O
is O
situated O
this O
way O
is O
somewhat O
longer O
than O
it O
is O
wide O
at O
its O
widest O
point. O
It O
is O
entirely O
surrounded O
by O
Ocean O
and O
from O
Ocean O
it O
allows O
four O
seas O
to O
enter O
— O
one O
from O
the O
north O
from O
the O
south O
two O
a O
fourth O
from O
the O
west. O
Those O
other O
seas O
will O
be O
recounted O
in O
their O
own O
places. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.6  This O
last O
one O
at O
first O
narrow O
and O
not O
more O
than O
ten O
miles O
wide O
breaks O
into O
the O
land O
mass O
and O
penetrates O
it. O
Then O
spreading O
in O
length O
and O
width O
it O
pushes O
back O
the O
shores O
which O
recede O
to O
an O
impressive O
degree O
but O
when O
those O
same O
shores O
almost O
come O
together O
at O
the O
opposite O
end O
the O
sea O
is O
reduced O
to O
a O
space O
so O
constricted O
that O
the O
opening O
is O
less O
than O
a O
mile O
wide. O
From O
there O
it O
spreads O
out O
again O
but O
very O
moderately O
and O
again O
it O
proceeds O
into O
a O
space O
even O
more O
constricted O
than O
the O
previous O
one. O
After O
the O
sea O
is O
received O
by O
this O
space O
its O
size O
increases O
greatly O
again O
and O
it O
is O
connected O
to O
a O
huge O
swamp O
but O
only O
by O
a O
tiny O
aperture. O
The O
whole O
sea O
both O
where O
it O
comes O
in O
and O
as O
far O
as O
it O
reaches O
is O
called O
by O
a O
single O
name O
Our O
Sea. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.7  We O
call O
the O
narrows O
and O
the O
entranceway O
of O
the O
incoming O
water O
the O
Straight O
but O
the O
Greeks O
call O
it O
the O
Channel. O
Wherever O
that O
sea O
extends O
it O
gets O
different O
names O
in O
different O
places. O
Where O
it O
is O
constricted O
for O
the O
first O
time O
it O
is O
called O
the Hellespont; O
then Propontis where O
it O
spreads O
out; O
where O
it O
compresses O
itself B-LOC
again I-LOC
the O
Thracian Bosphorus; B-LOC
where O
it O
widens O
again O
the Pontus Euxinus. O
Where O
it O
comes O
into O
contact B-LOC
with O
the O
swamp O
it O
is O
called O
the Cimmerian B-LOC
Bosphorus. O
The O
swamp O
itself O
is O
called Maeotis. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ B-LOC
1.8  By I-LOC
this I-LOC
sea I-LOC
and O
by O
two O
famous O
rivers O
the Tanais and O
the Nile O
the O
whole O
earth O
is O
divided O
into O
three O
parts. O
The Tanais O
descending B-LOC
from O
north O
to O
south O
flows O
down O
almost O
into O
the O
middle O
of Maeotis O
and O
from O
the O
opposite O
direction O
the Nile flows O
down O
into O
the O
sea. O
Those O
lands B-LOC
that O
lie O
from O
the O
Strait O
to O
those O
rivers O
on O
the O
one O
side O
we O
call O
Africa O
on O
the O
other O
Europe. O
Whatever O
is O
beyond O
those O
rivers O
is Asia. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.9  Ocean O
differing O
by O
name O
as O
by O
position O
abuts Asia from O
three O
directions O
the O
Eastern O
Ocean O
from O
the O
east O
from O
the O
south O
the Indian O
from O
the O
north O
the Scythian Ocean. Asia itself O
reaching O
eastward O
with O
a O
huge O
and O
continuous B-LOC
coastline O
empties O
its B-LOC
rivers I-LOC
on O
this O
end O
over O
a O
coast O
as O
wide O
as O
Europe O
Africa O
and O
the O
sea O
that O
extends O
between O
them. O
Then O
after O
its O
coastline O
has O
advanced O
uninterrupted O
for O
some O
distance O
it O
lets O
in O
the Arabian and O
the Persian Seas O
from O
what O
we O
call O
the O
Indian O
Ocean O
and O
from O
the O
Scythian O
Ocean O
it O
lets O
in O
the Caspian. O
Therefore O
being O
narrower O
where O
it O
lets O
them O
in O
 Asia expands O
again O
and O
becomes O
as O
wide O
as O
it O
had O
been. O
Then O
as O
soon O
as O
it O
arrives O
at O
its O
own O
limit O
and O
the O
boundaries O
it O
shares O
with O
other O
lands O
the O
middle O
of O
the O
western O
edge O
is O
received O
by O
our O
waters; O
the O
rest O
of O
it O
goes O
by O
one O
horn O
to O
the Nile O
by O
the O
other O
to O
the Tanais. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.10  Asia's O
coast O
descends O
in O
banks O
with O
the O
bed O
of O
the Nile River O
into O
the B-LOC
sea I-LOC
and O
for O
a O
long O
time O
it O
stretches O
out O
its O
shores O
in O
conformity O
with O
that O
sea's O
advance. O
Then O
the O
coastline O
directly O
confronts O
the O
sea O
as O
the O
sea O
approaches. O
The O
shoreline O
extends O
for O
the O
first O
time O
in O
a O
curve O
with O
a O
huge O
sweep. O
After O
that O
it O
again O
curves O
obliquely O
back O
to O
the Bosphorus. O
After O
repeatedly O
curving O
to O
the Pontic side O
 Asia stretches O
in O
a O
crosswise O
line O
as O
far O
as O
the O
entrance B-LOC
of O
the Maeotis O
and O
hugging O
the O
edge O
of O
the O
very Maeotis all O
the O
way O
to O
the Tanais O
it O
becomes O
the O
riverbank O
where O
the Tanais is B-LOC
located. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.11  We B-LOC
are O
told O
that O
the O
first B-LOC
humans O
in Asia O
starting O
from O
the O
east O
are B-LOC
the Indians I-LOC
the Seres O
and O
the Scyths. O
The Seres inhabit O
more O
or O
less O
the O
middle O
of O
the O
eastern O
part. O
The Indians and O
the Scyths inhabit O
the O
extremities O
both O
peoples O
covering O
a O
broad O
expanse O
and O
spreading O
to O
the O
ocean O
not O
at O
this O
point O
only. O
For O
the Indians also O
look O
south O
and O
for O
a O
long O
time O
have O
been O
occupying O
the O
shore O
of O
the O
Indian O
Ocean O
with O
continuous O
nations O
except O
insofar O
as O
the O
heat O
makes O
it O
uninhabitable. O
The Scyths look O
north O
too O
and B-LOC
they I-LOC
possess I-LOC
the O
littoral O
of O
the O
Scythian O
Ocean O
all O
the O
way O
to O
the Caspian Gulf O
except O
where O
they O
are O
forestalled O
by O
the O
cold. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.12  Next O
to O
the Indians is O
Ariane O
then Aria and O
Cedrosis O
and Persis up O
to O
the Persian Gulf. O
The Persian peoples O
surround O
this O
gulf; O
the Arabs surround O
the B-LOC
other O
one B-LOC
named O
earlier. O
After O
these B-LOC
peoples O
what B-LOC
remains I-LOC
up O
to O
Africa O
belongs O
to O
the Aethiopians. O
In O
the O
former O
place O
the O
Caspiani O
next O
to O
the Scyths O
surround O
the Caspian Gulf. O
Beyond O
them O
the Amazons are O
said O
to B-LOC
be I-LOC
found I-LOC
and O
beyond O
them O
the Hyperboreans. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.13  Many O
different O
nations B-LOC
inhabit O
the O
interior O
of O
the O
land. O
The O
Gandari O
Pariani O
 Bactri O
 Sogdiani O
Pharmacotrophi O
Chomarae O
Choamani O
Propanisadae O
and Dahae are O
found O
beyond O
the Scyths and O
the Scythian deserts. O
On O
the O
shores O
of O
the Caspian Gulf O
are O
found O
the Comari O
 Massagetae O
 Cadusi O
 Hyrcani O
and Hiberi. O
Beyond O
the Amazons and Hyperboreans are O
found O
the Cimmerians O
Cissianti B-LOC
Achaei O
Georgians O
 Moschi O
 Cercetae O
Phoristae O
and Arimphaei. O
Where O
its O
expanse O
protrudes O
into O
Our O
Seas O
are O
found O
the Matiani O
 Tibarani O
and O
— O
better O
known O
names O
— O
the Medes O
 Armenians O
 Commagenes O
Murimeni O
 Eneti O
 Cappadocians O
Gallo O
Greeks O
 Lycaones O
 Phrygians O
 Pisidians O
 Isaurians O
 Lydians O
and O
Syro O
Cilicians. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.14  Again O
of O
these O
latter O
nations O
that O
face O
south O
the O
same O
ones O
that O
hold O
the O
interior O
hold O
the O
shores O
all O
the O
way O
to O
the Persian Gulf. O
Beyond O
the Caspian Gulf O
are O
the Parthians and Assyrians O
beyond O
the Persian Gulf O
are O
the Babylonians O
and O
beyond O
the Aethiopians are O
the Aegyptians. O
The Aegyptians likewise O
possess O
the O
lands O
adjacent O
to O
the O
banks O
of O
the Nile River O
and O
Our O
Sea. O
Then Arabia O
with O
its O
narrow O
coastline B-LOC
is O
contiguous O
with O
the O
shores O
that O
follow. O
From O
there O
as O
far O
as O
that O
bend O
we O
described O
above O
is Syria. O
On O
that O
very O
bend O
is Cilicia B-LOC
but O
in O
addition O
 Lycia and Pamphylia O
 Caria O
 Ionia O
 Aeolis O
and O
the Troad all O
the O
way O
up O
to O
the Hellespont. O
From O
there O
the Bithynians are B-LOC
found O
up O
to B-LOC
the I-LOC
Thracian Bosphorus. O
Around B-LOC
the Pontus are O
a B-LOC
number I-LOC
of B-LOC
peoples O
with O
one O
boundary B-LOC
or O
another O
but O
all O
with B-LOC
one I-LOC
name I-LOC
the Pontici. O
Beside O
the Maeotic Lake O
are O
found O
the O
Maeotici; O
beside O
the Tanais O
the Sauromatae. B-LOC
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.15  Europe O
For O
terminal O
points O
Europe O
has O
the Tanais O
the Maeotis O
and O
the Pontus in B-LOC
the O
east; O
in O
the O
west O
the Atlantic; O
to B-LOC
the I-LOC
north O
the O
Britannic O
Ocean. O
Its O
coastline O
is O
the O
form O
of O
the O
littoral O
from O
the O
Tanai's O
to B-LOC
the Hellespont. O
Europe O
is B-LOC
not I-LOC
only O
opposite O
to O
the O
facing O
shores O
of Asia but B-LOC
also O
similar O
to B-LOC
them I-LOC
[a] I-LOC
where O
it O
is O
a O
bank O
of O
the O
aforesaid O
river O
[b] O
where O
it O
brings O
the O
bend O
of O
the O
Swamp O
back O
to O
the O
curve O
of O
the Pontus O
and O
[c] O
where O
it O
lies O
beside Propontis and Hellespont with O
its O
shore. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.16  From O
there O
to O
the O
Strait O
now O
sweepingly O
receding O
now O
protruding O
the O
European O
littoral O
makes O
three O
very O
large B-LOC
gulfs I-LOC
and O
projects B-LOC
into O
the O
sea O
with O
the O
same O
number O
of O
long O
extensions. O
On O
the O
other O
side O
of O
the O
Strait O
the Atlantic coast O
runs O
up O
quite O
irregularly O
to O
the O
west O
particularly O
its O
middle O
portion. O
To O
the O
north O
it O
extends O
practically O
speaking O
as O
if O
in O
a O
straight O
line O
except O
where O
once O
or B-LOC
twice I-LOC
it O
is O
pulled O
back O
in O
by O
means O
of O
a O
deep O
recess. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.17  The O
sea O
that O
it O
takes O
in O
with O
its O
first O
gulf O
is O
called O
the Aegean. O
The O
one O
it O
takes O
in O
through O
the O
next O
opening O
is O
called O
the Ionian O
Sea O
but O
its O
interior O
part O
is O
the Adriatic. O
Finally O
the O
one O
that O
we O
regard O
as O
the Tuscan O
sea O
the O
Greeks O
regard O
as O
the Tyrrhenian Sea. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.18  The O
first O
nation O
from O
the Tanais more O
or O
less O
to O
the O
middle O
of O
the Pontic littoral O
is Scythia (not O
the O
one O
already O
mentioned). O
From O
here Thrace stretches O
into O
part O
of O
the Aegean O
and Macedonia is O
joined O
to O
it. O
Then O
Greece B-LOC
protrudes O
and O
divides O
the Aegean from O
the Ionian O
Sea. Illyria occupies O
the O
coast O
of O
the Adriatic. O
Between O
the Adriatic itself O
and O
the Tuscan O
sea Italy juts B-LOC
out. B-LOC
In O
the O
innermost O
part O
of O
the Tuscan O
sea is O
Gaul; O
on O
the B-LOC
farther I-LOC
side O
is B-LOC
Spain. I-LOC
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.19  Spain O
stretches O
with O
differently O
situated O
coastlines O
to O
the O
west O
and O
also O
for O
a O
long O
time O
to O
the O
north. O
Then O
Gaul O
again O
extends O
for O
a O
long O
way O
and O
it O
reaches O
from O
our O
shores O
all O
the O
way O
up O
to O
this O
point. O
After O
Gaul O
the O
Germans O
reach O
as O
far O
as O
the Sarmatae O
and O
they O
to Asia. O
Africa O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.20  Africa O
terminated O
to O
the O
east O
by O
the Nile and O
everywhere O
else O
by O
the O
sea O
in O
fact O
has O
a O
less O
extensive O
coast O
than O
Europe O
because O
it O
never O
extends B-LOC
opposite O
to Asia O
and O
because O
it O
does O
not O
extend O
directly O
opposite O
to O
all O
of O
Europe's O
coastline. O
Nevertheless O
Africa O
is O
actually O
longer O
than O
it O
is O
wide O
and O
it O
is O
widest O
where O
it O
abuts O
the Nile. O
As O
far O
as O
Africa O
extends O
from O
that O
point O
it O
goes O
uncurved O
to O
the O
west O
rises O
— O
mainly O
in O
its O
middle O
reach O
— O
into O
mountain O
chains O
and O
gently O
hones O
itself O
to O
a O
point. O
Because O
of O
that O
point O
Africa O
becomes O
gradually O
more O
contracted O
from O
its O
original O
width O
and O
is O
narrowest O
right O
where O
it O
ends. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.21  As O
much O
as O
is O
inhabited O
is O
remarkably O
fertile. O
Since O
most O
of O
it O
however O
is O
not O
cultivated O
and O
is O
a O
desert O
(either O
because O
covered O
by O
unproductive O
sand O
or O
because O
of O
climatic O
or O
regional O
aridity) O
or O
else O
is O
infested O
by O
many O
a O
harmful O
species O
of O
animal O
Africa O
is O
huge O
but O
not O
populous. O
The O
sea O
by O
which O
it O
is O
surrounded O
we O
call O
to O
the O
north O
the Libyan Sea O
to O
the O
south O
the Aethiopian Sea O
and O
to O
the O
west O
the Atlantic. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.22  In O
that O
part O
adjacent O
to Libya O
next O
to O
the Nile O
is O
the O
province O
they O
call Cyrene; O
next O
is O
Africa O
the O
province O
designated O
by B-LOC
the O
name O
of O
the O
continent O
as O
a O
whole. O
The Numidians and O
Moors O
hold O
the O
remainder O
but O
the O
Moors O
are O
exposed O
to O
the Atlantic Ocean. O
Beyond O
these O
coastal O
peoples O
the Nigritae and O
the O
Pharusii O
are O
found O
all O
the O
way O
to O
the Aethiopians. O
These Aethiopians possess O
both O
the O
rest O
of O
this O
eastern O
coast O
and O
the O
whole O
coast O
that O
looks O
south O
all O
the B-LOC
way I-LOC
to O
the O
frontier O
with Asia. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ B-LOC
1.23  On I-LOC
those O
shores O
washed O
by O
the Libyan Sea O
however O
are O
found O
the Libyan Aegyptians O
the O
White Aethiopians O
and O
a O
populous O
and O
numerous O
nation O
the Gaetuli. O
Then O
a O
region O
uninhabitable O
in O
its O
entire O
length O
covers O
a O
broad O
and O
vacant O
expanse. O
At O
that O
point O
we O
hear O
of O
the Garamantes as O
the O
first O
people O
to O
the O
east; O
after O
them O
the O
Augilae O
and O
Trogodytae; O
and O
farthest O
to O
the O
west O
the O
Atlantes. O
In O
the O
interior O
— O
if O
one O
wants O
to O
believe O
it O
— O
at O
this O
point O
the O
scarcely O
human O
and O
rather O
brutish Goat O
Pans O
Blemyes O
Gamphasantes O
and Satyrs possess O
rather O
than O
inhabit O
the O
land. O
They O
roam O
freely O
everywhere O
with O
no O
houses O
and O
no O
fixed O
abodes. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.24  This O
is O
the O
full O
extent O
of O
our O
world. O
These O
are O
its O
largest O
parts O
its O
shapes O
and O
the O
nations O
of O
its O
parts. O
Now O
for O
me O
as O
I O
begin O
to O
describe O
its O
coastlines O
and O
regions O
with O
greater O
preciseness O
it O
is O
most O
convenient O
[a] O
to O
begin O
from O
that O
point O
where O
Our O
Sea O
enters O
into O
the O
land O
mass O
and O
preferably O
to O
begin O
with O
these O
lands O
that O
are O
on O
the O
right O
side O
of O
the O
inflow O
then O
[b] O
to O
skirt O
the O
shores O
in O
the O
order O
they O
lie O
in O
and O
[c] O
when O
all O
the O
places O
that O
abut O
that O
sea O
have O
been O
traversed O
to O
coast O
along O
those O
places O
too O
that O
Ocean O
girds O
until O
[d] O
the O
course O
of O
the O
work O
now O
begun O
sails O
around O
both O
the O
inside O
and O
the O
outside O
of O
the O
known O
world O
and O
returns O
to O
that O
place O
whence O
it O
began. Mauretania O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.25  It O
has O
been O
stated O
earlier O
that O
the Atlantic is O
the O
ocean O
that O
girds O
the O
earth O
on O
the O
west. O
From O
here O
— O
for O
those O
traveling O
into O
Our O
Sea O
— O
Spain O
is O
on O
the O
left O
 Mauretania on O
the O
right. O
The O
former O
is O
the O
first O
part O
of O
Europe B-LOC
the I-LOC
latter O
of O
Africa. O
The O
eastern O
end O
of O
the O
Mauretanian O
coast O
is O
the Mulucha River. B-LOC
Its O
head O
(and O
starting O
point) O
however O
is O
the O
promontory O
that O
the O
Greeks O
call O
Ampelusia; O
the O
Africans O
call O
that B-LOC
promontory I-LOC
by O
another O
name O
but O
one O
that O
means O
the O
same O
thing. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.26  On O
it O
is O
the O
sacred O
Cave O
of Hercules O
and O
beyond O
the B-LOC
cave I-LOC
is Tinge O
a O
very O
old O
town O
founded O
as O
they O
say O
by Antaeus. O
A O
proof O
of O
their O
claim O
exists B-LOC
a I-LOC
huge O
shield O
cut O
from O
elephant O
hide O
one O
that O
because O
of O
its O
size O
is O
not O
easy O
to O
wield O
if O
anyone O
today O
were O
to O
use O
it. O
The O
locals O
consider O
it O
as O
true O
that O
the O
shield O
was O
made O
by O
the B-LOC
famous O
giant. O
They O
pass O
the O
story O
down O
and O
for O
that O
reason O
they O
pay O
him O
cult O
in O
an O
exceptional O
way. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.27  Next O
comes O
a O
very O
high O
mountain O
facing O
the O
one O
that O
Spain O
raises O
up O
on O
the O
opposite O
shore. O
The O
one O
on O
this O
side O
they O
call O
Abila O
the O
one O
on O
the O
far O
side Calpe; O
they O
call O
them O
together O
the Pillars O
of O
Hercules. O
Oral O
tradition O
goes O
on O
to O
give O
the O
story O
of O
the O
name O
 Hercules himself O
separated O
the O
mountains O
which O
had O
once O
been O
joined O
in O
a O
continuous O
ridge O
and O
Ocean O
previously O
shut O
out O
by O
the O
mole O
of B-LOC
the I-LOC
mountains O
was O
let O
into O
those B-LOC
places O
that O
it O
now O
inundates. O
On O
this O
side O
of O
the O
Strait O
the O
sea O
already O
pours O
in O
over O
a O
rather O
broad O
area O
and O
with O
its O
great O
rush O
it O
bends O
back O
rather O
far O
the O
lands O
it O
has O
cleared O
from O
its O
path. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.28  Moreover O
the O
region O
not O
well O
known O
and O
scarcely O
endowed O
with O
anything O
illustrious O
is O
populated O
with O
small O
towns O
and O
gives O
passage O
to O
small O
rivers. O
It O
is O
of O
better O
quality O
in O
its O
soil O
than O
in O
its O
men; O
and O
it O
is O
obscure O
because O
of O
the O
inactivity O
of O
its O
people. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.29  Nevertheless O
of O
the O
things O
here O
that O
are O
not O
embarrassing O
to O
mention O
there O
are O
tall O
mountains O
that O
spread O
— O
on O
purpose O
as O
it O
were O
— O
in O
an O
unbroken O
line O
and O
that O
are O
called O
the O
Seven O
Brothers O
because O
of O
their O
number O
and O
likeness O
to O
one O
another O
then O
the O
Tumuada O
River O
the O
small O
towns O
of Rusigada and Siga; O
and Portus O
Magnus O
so O
called O
because O
of O
its O
expanse. O
That O
river O
which O
we O
called O
the Mulucha O
is O
nowadays O
the O
boundary O
of O
tribes O
but O
once O
it O
was O
the O
boundary O
of O
kingdoms O
those O
of Bocchus and Jugurtha. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.30  Numidia O
Numidia O
which O
spreads B-LOC
from O
there O
to O
the O
banks O
of B-LOC
the I-LOC
Ampsacus O
River O
is B-LOC
actually I-LOC
narrower O
in O
expanse O
than Mauretania O
but O
it O
is O
both O
more O
widely O
cultivated O
and O
richer. O
Of O
the O
cities O
that O
it O
contains O
the O
largest O
are Cirta and Iol. Cirta is O
far O
from O
the O
sea O
and O
is O
now O
a O
colony O
of O
the O
Sittiani O
but O
once B-LOC
it B-LOC
was I-LOC
the O
home O
of O
kings O
at O
its O
wealthiest O
when O
it O
belonged O
to Syphax. Iol O
on O
the O
seaside O
was O
once O
unknown O
but B-LOC
is I-LOC
now I-LOC
famous O
because O
it O
was O
the O
royal O
residence O
of Juba and O
because O
it O
is O
referred O
to O
now O
as Caesarea. O
Event O
Date B-LOC
1 LA O
§ O
1.31  On O
the O
near O
side O
of O
this O
city O
— O
it O
is O
situated O
more O
or O
less O
in O
the O
middle O
of O
the O
coast O
— O
are O
the O
towns O
of O
Cartinna O
and O
Arsinna O
the O
garrison O
town O
of O
Quiza O
Laturus O
Gulf O
and O
the O
Sardabale O
River. O
On O
its O
far O
side O
is O
the O
common O
tomb O
of O
the O
royal O
family O
then O
the O
cities O
of Icosium and O
Ruthisia B-LOC
and O
flowing O
between O
them O
the O
Aucus O
as O
well O
as O
other O
things O
which O
it O
is O
no O
loss O
either O
of O
fact O
or O
fame O
to O
pass O
over O
in O
silence. O
Event O
Date B-LOC
1 LA O
§ O
1.32  Farther O
inland O
and O
quite O
far O
from O
shore O
there O
reportedly O
exist B-LOC
and I-LOC
are O
found O
— O
amazingly O
if O
their O
reality O
is O
credible O
— O
the O
spines O
of O
fishes O
pieces B-LOC
of O
murex O
and O
oyster O
rocks O
smoothed O
(as O
they O
are O
supposed B-LOC
to O
be) O
by O
waves O
and O
no O
different O
from O
rocks O
in O
the O
sea O
anchors O
set O
in O
reefs O
other O
indications O
of O
the O
same O
kind O
and O
even O
traces O
in O
fields O
that O
nourish O
nothing O
of O
a O
sea O
that O
once O
poured O
right O
up O
to O
those O
locations. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.33  Africa O
Provincia O
The O
following O
region O
from O
Point O
Metagonium O
[Cape O
Bougaroun) O
to O
the Altars O
of O
the O
Philaeni O
usurps O
for O
itself O
the O
name O
of O
Africa. O
In O
it O
are O
the O
towns O
of Hippo O
Regius O
 Rusiccade. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.34  Then O
three O
promontories O
— O
White O
Point O
[Cap O
Blanc) O
Point Apollo [Ras O
Si O
Ali O
Mekki) O
and Point O
Mercurius) O
— O
projecting O
an O
impressive O
distance O
into O
the O
sea O
make O
two O
large O
gulfs. B-LOC
They I-LOC
call O
the O
one O
right O
after Hippo O
Diarrhytus [Bizerte) O
the O
Gulf O
of Hippo O
because O
the O
town O
is O
located O
on O
its O
shoreline. O
In B-LOC
the O
other B-LOC
gulf I-LOC
are Castra Delia O
 Castra O
Cornelia O
the Bagrada [Mejerda) O
River O
 Utica O
and Carthage. B-LOC
Both Utica and Carthage are O
famous O
and O
both O
were O
founded O
by Phoenicians. O
The O
former O
is O
marked O
by O
the O
death O
of Cato. O
The O
latter O
is O
marked O
by O
its O
own O
fate O
now O
it O
is O
a O
colony O
of B-LOC
the O
Roman O
people O
but O
it O
was O
once O
their O
determined O
rival O
for O
imperial O
power. O
In O
fact O
 Carthage is O
now B-LOC
wealthy O
again O
but O
it O
remains B-LOC
more O
famous O
for O
the O
destruction B-LOC
of O
its O
ancestors' O
claims O
than B-LOC
for O
the O
wealth O
of O
its O
present O
inhabitants. Hadrumetum O
 Leptis O
Habromacte O
Phyre O
and Neapolis O
the O
most O
widely O
known O
cities O
vis O
a O
vis O
other O
obscure O
places O
lie O
one O
after O
another O
from O
here O
to Syrtis. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.35  Syrtis is O
a O
gulf O
almost O
one O
hundred O
miles O
wide O
where O
it O
receives O
the O
open O
sea O
and O
three O
hundred O
miles O
wide O
where O
it O
encloses O
the O
sea. O
It O
has O
no O
ports O
and O
is O
frightening O
and O
dangerous B-LOC
because B-LOC
of O
the O
shallowness O
of O
its O
frequent B-LOC
shoals O
and O
even O
more O
dangerous O
because O
of O
the O
reversing O
movements O
of O
the O
sea O
as O
it O
flows O
in O
and O
out. B-LOC
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.36  On O
its O
shoreline O
a O
huge O
swamp O
receives O
the O
Triton O
River; O
the O
swamp O
itself O
is Lake O
Triton O
that O
is O
the O
lake O
of Minerva O
who O
as O
the O
locals O
think O
was O
born O
there O
whence O
it O
was O
given O
her O
epithet. O
They O
give O
some O
credibility O
to O
that O
legend O
because O
they O
celebrate O
the O
day O
they O
think O
is O
her O
birthday O
with O
contests O
of O
virgins O
who O
compete O
among O
themselves. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.37  Farther O
on O
is O
the O
town O
of Oea and O
the Cinyps [Khane) B-LOC
River O
which O
descends O
through O
the O
lushest O
fields; O
then O
a O
second Leptis and O
a O
second Syrtis O
equal O
in O
name O
and O
nature O
to O
the O
first O
but O
approximately O
twice O
as O
large O
both O
where O
it O
remains O
open O
and O
where O
it O
curves. O
Its O
first O
promontory O
is Borion O
and O
from O
there O
on O
the O
shore O
(which O
the Lotus O
Eaters are O
said O
to O
have O
occupied) O
reaches O
its O
farther O
promontory B-LOC
on O
a B-LOC
coast I-LOC
with O
no O
ports O
all O
the O
way O
to O
Phycon. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.38  The O
actual Altars have O
taken O
their B-LOC
name O
from O
the O
brothers O
Philaeni O
who O
were O
sent O
from Carthage to O
meet O
certain Cyrenaeans in O
order O
to O
end O
by O
treaty O
a O
border O
war O
that O
had O
been O
waged O
for O
a O
long O
time O
with O
great O
losses O
on O
both O
sides. O
Later O
the O
agreement O
failed O
by O
which O
the O
representatives O
of O
the O
two O
sides O
were O
to O
be O
dispatched O
from O
both O
directions O
at O
a O
prearranged O
time O
and O
by O
which O
the O
boundary O
was O
to O
be O
established O
right O
where O
the O
two O
sides O
met. O
They O
renewed O
from O
scratch B-LOC
the O
agreement O
that O
everything O
on O
the O
nearer O
side O
fell O
to O
their O
respective O
countrymen O
and O
the O
brothers O
allowed O
themselves O
— O
an O
amazing O
deed O
and O
most O
worthy O
of O
memory! O
— O
to O
be O
buried O
alive O
on O
the O
spot. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.39  Cyrenaica O
From O
there O
to Catabathmos is O
the O
province O
of Cyrenaica O
and O
in O
it O
are O
the O
famously O
reliable O
oracle O
of Ammon O
the O
spring O
they O
call O
the O
Fountain O
of O
the Sun O
and O
a O
particular O
cliff O
sacred O
to Auster. O
When O
this O
cliff O
is O
touched O
by O
human O
hands O
that O
wind O
springs O
up O
wildly O
and O
whipping O
the O
sands O
like O
seas O
rages O
the O
same O
way O
it O
does O
on O
water. O
The O
fountain O
boils O
up O
in O
the O
middle O
of O
the O
night O
and O
then O
gradually O
changing B-LOC
to O
lukewarm O
at O
dawn O
it O
passes O
to O
cold; O
then O
in O
proportion O
to O
the O
sun's O
rising O
it O
gets O
colder O
and O
actually O
becomes O
solid O
ice O
at O
midday; O
then O
it O
turns O
lukewarm O
again O
it O
is O
steaming O
at O
sundown O
and O
the O
more O
night O
advances O
the O
hotter O
the O
spring O
gets. O
In O
the O
middle O
of O
the O
night O
it O
is O
boiling O
hot O
again. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.40  Along O
the O
shore O
are O
found Zephyrium Point O
and Naustathmus O
Port Paraetonium O
the O
cities O
of Hesperia O
 Apollonia O
and Arsinoe; O
and O
also Cyrene itself O
from O
which O
the O
region O
takes O
its O
name. O
The Catabathmos Valley O
sloping O
down O
into Aegypt O
is O
the O
boundary O
of O
Africa. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.41  Peoples O
of O
Africa O
That O
being O
so O
the O
shores O
are O
inhabited O
by O
people O
socialized O
according O
to O
our O
custom O
except O
that O
particular O
ones O
differ O
in O
language O
and B-LOC
in O
the O
cult O
of B-LOC
the I-LOC
gods O
whom O
they B-LOC
worship I-LOC
as O
ancestral O
and O
venerate O
in B-LOC
the I-LOC
traditional O
way. O
No O
cities O
in O
fact O
arise O
in O
neighboring O
areas O
but O
nevertheless O
there B-LOC
are I-LOC
groupings O
of O
nomads' O
huts O
called O
mapalia. O
Their O
way O
of O
life O
is O
crude O
and O
lacks O
amenities. O
The O
chiefs O
dress O
in O
rough O
woolen O
cloaks O
the O
people O
in O
skins O
of O
wild O
and O
domestic O
animals. O
Sleeping O
and O
banqueting O
are O
done O
on O
the O
ground. O
Containers O
are O
made O
of O
wood O
and O
bark. O
They O
drink O
milk O
and O
the O
juice O
of O
berries. O
Their O
food O
is O
most O
often O
the O
meat O
of O
game O
animals. O
Indeed O
the O
flocks O
are O
spared O
as O
much O
as O
possible O
because O
that O
is O
their O
only O
wealth. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.42  The O
nomads O
to O
the O
interior O
also O
follow O
their O
flocks O
in O
a O
rather O
uncouth O
way O
of O
life. O
As O
the O
flocks O
are O
drawn O
on O
by O
pasturage O
the O
nomads O
move O
forward O
and O
move O
their O
shelters O
too O
and O
when O
daylight O
fails O
there O
they O
spend O
the O
night. O
Although O
being O
scattered O
all O
over O
in O
family O
groups O
and O
without O
law O
they O
take O
no O
common O
counsel O
still O
because O
individual O
men O
have O
several O
wives O
and O
for O
that O
reason O
more O
children O
than O
usual O
(both O
those O
eligible O
to O
receive O
an O
inheritance O
and O
those O
not O
eligible) O
they O
are O
never O
few O
in O
number. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.43  Of O
the O
people O
here O
who O
are O
recorded O
as O
being O
beyond O
the O
desert O
the O
Atlantes O
curse O
the O
sun O
both O
while O
it O
rises O
and O
while O
it O
sets O
on O
the O
grounds O
that O
it O
is O
disastrous O
to O
them O
personally O
and O
to O
their O
fields. O
Individuals O
do O
not O
have O
names; O
they O
do O
not O
feed O
on O
animals; O
nor O
is O
it O
granted O
to O
them O
to O
visit O
and O
see O
in O
their O
sleep O
things O
like O
those O
granted O
to O
all O
other O
mortals. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.44  The Trogodytae own O
no O
resources O
and O
rather O
than O
speak O
they O
make O
a O
high O
pitched O
sound. O
They O
creep O
around O
deep O
in O
caves O
and O
are O
nurtured O
by serpents. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.45  There O
are O
also O
herd O
animals O
among O
the Garamantes O
and O
those O
animals O
feed O
with O
their O
necks O
bent O
at O
an O
odd O
angle O
since O
their O
horns O
when O
directed O
at O
the O
ground O
get O
in O
their O
way O
as O
they O
bend O
down. O
No O
one O
has O
one O
specific O
wife. O
Out O
of O
the O
children O
who O
are O
born O
here O
randomly O
from O
such O
indiscriminate O
sexuality O
on O
their O
parents' O
part O
and O
who O
are O
not O
clearly O
identified O
the O
adults O
recognize O
by O
their O
similar O
looks O
those O
whom O
they O
are O
to O
raise O
as O
their O
own. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.46  The O
Augilae B-LOC
think O
only O
the Manes are O
gods. O
They O
swear O
by O
them; O
they O
consult O
them O
as O
oracles. O
They O
pray O
to O
the Manes for O
what O
they O
want O
and O
after O
they O
have O
thrown O
themselves O
on O
burial O
mounds O
the Manes bring O
dreams O
as O
oracular O
responses. O
On O
their O
wedding O
night O
the O
women O
have O
a O
religious O
obligation O
to O
be O
available O
for O
sexual O
intercourse O
with O
every O
man O
that O
comes O
bearing O
a O
gift. O
On O
that O
occasion O
it O
is O
a O
very O
great O
honor O
to O
sleep O
with O
many O
men O
but O
the O
rest O
of O
the O
time O
chastity O
is O
manifested. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.47  The O
Gamphasantes O
go O
naked O
and O
have O
no O
knowledge O
of O
any O
weapons. O
They O
know O
neither O
how O
to O
duck O
away O
from O
spears O
nor O
how O
to O
hurl O
them. O
For O
that O
reason O
they O
run O
away O
from O
anyone O
they O
meet O
and O
do O
not O
endure O
either O
meetings O
or O
conversations O
with O
anyone O
who O
does O
not O
have O
the O
same O
kind O
of O
nature. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.48  The O
Blemyes O
lack O
heads; O
their O
face O
is O
on O
their O
chest. O
The Satyrs have O
nothing O
human O
except O
their O
superficial O
appearance. O
The O
form O
of O
the Goat O
Pans O
is O
celebrated O
in O
their O
name. O
So O
much O
for O
Africa. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.49  The O
first O
division O
of Asia is Aegypt between Catabathmos and O
the Arabs. O
From O
this O
shore Aegypt extends O
far O
to O
the O
interior O
and O
runs O
back O
southward O
until O
it O
borders O
on Aethiopia with O
its O
back. O
The O
land O
is O
devoid O
of O
rain O
but O
is O
an O
amazingly O
fertile O
and O
very O
prolific O
producer O
of O
both O
human O
beings O
and O
other O
animals. O
The Nile causes O
this O
fertility O
since O
it O
is O
the O
largest O
river O
that O
makes O
its O
way O
into O
Our O
Sea. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.50  The Nile reaches O
out O
from O
the O
deserts O
of O
Africa O
and O
at O
this O
point O
is B-LOC
neither I-LOC
easily O
navigable O
at O
once O
nor O
called O
the Nile at O
once. O
After O
it O
descends O
in O
a O
single O
rushing O
torrent O
the O
river O
spreads O
wide O
around Meroe O
an O
island O
covering O
a O
broad O
expanse O
on O
the O
border O
of Aethiopia; O
and O
on O
one O
side O
of Meroe the O
river O
is O
called O
Astabores O
on O
the O
other O
Astape. O
Where O
it O
comes O
together O
again O
it O
takes O
this O
name O
the Nile. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.51  From O
there O
sometimes O
rough O
sometimes O
capable O
of O
supporting O
ships O
the O
river O
descends O
into O
a O
tremendous O
lake O
from O
which O
it O
rushes O
out O
in O
steep O
cataracts O
then O
embraces O
a O
second O
island O
Tachempso O
and O
runs O
down O
still O
rough O
and O
seething O
all O
the B-LOC
way O
to Elephantine O
a O
city O
in Aegypt. O
Then O
at O
last O
more O
peaceful O
and O
now O
quite O
navigable O
it O
begins O
for O
the O
first O
time B-LOC
to O
have O
three O
streams O
near O
the O
town O
of O
Cercasorum. O
Then O
dividing O
again O
and O
again O
at O
Delta O
and O
Melys O
it O
moves O
freely O
and O
broadly O
through O
all O
of Aegypt. O
The O
river O
divides O
itself O
into O
seven O
mouths O
but O
still O
it O
rolls O
on O
in O
ample O
individual O
beds. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.52  It O
does O
not O
however O
spread O
over O
very B-LOC
much I-LOC
surface O
but O
it O
does O
overflow O
its O
banks O
under O
the O
summer O
sky B-LOC
and I-LOC
also I-LOC
irrigates O
the O
land. O
Its O
waters O
are O
so O
efficacious O
for O
procreation O
and O
sustenance O
that O
— O
besides O
swarming O
with O
fish O
and O
producing O
huge O
beasts O
like B-LOC
hippopotamuses I-LOC
and O
crocodiles O
— O
the O
river O
even B-LOC
pours O
out O
the O
breath O
of O
life O
in O
clumps O
of O
silt O
and O
from O
the O
very O
soil O
fashions O
living O
creatures. O
This O
process O
is O
plain O
from O
the O
fact O
that O
when O
it O
has O
stopped O
flooding O
and O
returned O
to O
itself O
certain O
organisms O
that O
are O
not O
yet O
completely O
formed O
are O
seen O
again O
and O
again. O
These O
organisms O
however O
take O
their O
first O
breath O
when O
they O
are O
still O
partially O
formed O
and O
still O
earthen O
in O
part. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.53  The Nile increases O
furthermore O
either O
[a] O
because O
snow O
melted O
under O
great O
heat O
flows O
down O
from O
the O
immense O
mountain O
ridges O
of Aethiopia more O
abundantly O
than O
can O
be O
held O
by O
the O
riverbanks O
or O
[b] O
because O
the O
sun O
being O
nearer O
the O
earth O
in O
winter O
and O
thereby O
evaporating O
the O
river's O
head O
then O
retreats O
to O
a O
higher O
point O
and O
allows O
the O
river's O
head O
unaffected O
by O
the O
sun O
and O
at O
its O
fullest O
to O
raise O
the O
river's O
level O
or O
else O
[c] O
because O
the Etesian winds O
which O
blow O
throughout O
that O
period O
either O
[i] O
drive O
in O
clouds O
that O
move O
from O
north O
to O
south O
as O
rain O
directly O
above O
the O
river's O
starting O
points O
or O
block O
the O
advancing O
water O
with O
an O
adverse O
wind O
and O
forestall O
the O
course O
of O
the O
descending O
water O
or O
choke O
the O
river's O
mouths O
with O
the O
sand O
they O
drive O
onto O
the O
shore O
right O
along O
with O
the O
waves. O
The Nile becomes O
greater O
either O
because O
it O
loses O
nothing O
from O
itself O
or O
because O
it O
receives O
more O
water O
than O
usual O
or O
because O
it O
loses O
less O
than O
it O
should. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.54  If O
however O
there O
is O
a O
second O
world O
and O
if O
there O
are Antichthones located O
directly O
opposite O
to O
us O
in O
the O
south O
that O
first O
explanation O
will O
not O
have O
departed O
too O
far O
from O
the O
truth. O
The O
river O
originating O
in O
those O
Antichthonian O
lands O
emerges O
again O
in O
ours O
after O
it O
has O
penetrated O
beneath O
Ocean O
in O
an O
unseen O
channel O
and O
it O
therefore O
increases O
at O
the O
summer O
solstice O
because O
at O
that O
time O
it O
is O
winter O
where O
the O
river O
originates. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.55  Other O
amazing O
things O
also O
exist O
in O
these O
lands. O
In O
one O
particular O
lake O
floats O
the O
island O
of Chemmis O
which O
supports O
sacred O
groves O
a O
wood O
and O
a O
large O
temple O
of Apollo; O
and O
it O
is O
driven O
in O
whatever O
direction O
the O
winds O
push O
it. O
The pyramids are O
built O
with O
rocks O
of O
thirty O
feet; O
the O
largest O
of O
these O
structures O
— O
there O
are O
three O
— O
occupies O
almost O
four O
iugera O
of O
ground O
at O
its O
base O
and O
is O
erected O
to O
an O
equivalent O
height. Moeris O
once O
a O
plain O
now O
a O
lake O
accommodating O
a O
circumference O
of O
twenty O
miles O
is O
deeper O
than O
necessary O
to O
sail O
in O
heavy O
freighters. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.56  The Labyrinth is O
a O
work O
of Psammetichus; O
it B-LOC
embraces I-LOC
a O
thousand O
homes O
and O
twelve O
palaces O
within O
its O
continuous O
enceinte. O
It O
is O
built O
of O
marble O
and O
roofed O
and O
has O
one O
passageway O
down O
into O
it O
but O
almost O
countless O
paths O
inside; O
many O
confusing O
paths O
turn O
back O
on O
themselves O
this O
way O
and O
that O
but O
extend O
in O
both O
directions O
with O
a O
continuous O
winding O
and O
with O
porticoes O
that O
are B-LOC
often I-LOC
circular; O
with O
these O
paths O
promptly O
making O
one O
circle O
on O
top O
of O
others O
and O
with O
the O
curve O
of O
a O
circle O
promptly O
bending O
back O
as O
far O
as O
it O
had O
advanced O
the Labyrinth is O
puzzling O
with O
its O
long O
yet O
solvable O
wandering O
path. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.57  The O
cultivators O
of Aegypt's O
districts O
live O
much O
differently O
from O
everyone O
else. O
They O
smear O
themselves O
with O
dung O
when O
they O
lament O
their O
dead; O
they O
consider O
it O
unholy O
to O
cremate O
or O
to O
bury O
them; O
but O
they O
place O
the O
dead O
skillfully O
embalmed O
in O
the O
inner O
rooms O
of O
a O
building. O
They O
write O
backward. O
They O
pulverize O
dirt O
between O
their O
hands O
but O
grind O
flour O
under O
their O
heels. O
Women O
take O
care O
of O
the O
forum O
and O
business; O
men O
take O
care O
of O
spinning O
and O
the O
home. O
Women O
carry O
bundles O
on O
their O
shoulders; O
men O
do O
so O
on O
their O
heads. O
It O
is O
mandatory O
for O
women O
to O
nurture O
their O
parents O
when O
they O
are O
in O
need O
and O
for O
men O
it O
is O
a O
choice. O
They O
take O
food O
in O
the O
open O
air O
and O
outdoors; O
they O
consign O
their O
bodily O
functions O
to O
the O
inner O
recesses O
of O
the O
house. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.58  They O
pay O
cult O
to O
the O
images O
of O
many O
animals O
and O
even O
more O
to O
the O
animals O
themselves O
(but O
different O
people O
to O
different O
animals) O
— O
to O
such O
an O
extent O
that O
it O
is O
a O
capital O
offense O
to O
kill O
certain O
animals O
even O
through O
inadvertence. O
When O
those O
animals O
have O
been O
killed O
by O
disease O
or O
by O
chance O
it O
is O
a O
religious O
obligation O
to O
bury O
them O
and O
grieve O
over O
them. Apis — O
a O
black bull O
marked O
by O
particular O
spots O
and O
different O
from O
other bulls in O
his O
tail O
and O
in O
his O
tongue O
— O
is O
the O
divinity O
of O
all O
the O
Aegyptian O
peoples. O
He O
is O
born O
only O
rarely O
conceived O
not O
from O
mating cattle O
as O
they O
say O
but O
miraculously O
in O
a O
celestial O
fire. O
The O
day O
of O
his O
birth O
is O
particularly O
festive O
to O
the O
whole O
people. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.59  The Aegyptians themselves O
are O
as O
they O
declare O
the O
oldest O
human O
beings O
and O
they O
refer O
in O
unambiguous O
annals O
to O
330 O
pharaohs O
before Amasis and O
to O
a O
history O
of O
more O
than O
thirteen O
thousand O
years. O
They O
also O
preserve O
a O
written O
tradition O
that O
for O
as O
long O
as O
there O
have O
been Aegyptians O
the O
stars O
have O
changed O
their O
course O
four O
times O
and O
the O
sun O
has O
set O
twice O
already O
where O
it O
now O
rises. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.60  They O
inhabited O
twenty O
cities O
when Amasis ruled O
and O
now O
they O
inhabit O
numerous O
ones. O
The O
most O
famous O
of O
those O
cities O
far O
from O
the O
sea O
are O
Safe O
 Memphis O
 Syene O
 Bubastis O
 Elephantine O
and O
in O
particular O
 Thebes O
which O
as O
stated O
by Homer O
has O
one O
hundred O
gates O
or O
as O
others O
say O
one O
hundred O
palaces O
the O
homes O
once O
of O
one O
hundred O
important O
chiefs O
each O
house O
accustomed O
to O
send O
out O
ten O
thousand O
armed O
soldiers O
when O
trouble O
had O
driven O
them O
to O
it. O
On O
the O
coast O
is Alexandria O
bordering O
on O
Africa O
and Pelusium O
which O
borders O
on Arabia. O
The O
mouths O
of O
the Nile — O
the O
Canopic O
Bolbitic O
 Sebennytic O
Pathmetic O
 Mendesian O
Cataptystic O
and Pelusiac mouths O
— O
cut O
into O
those O
very O
shores. Arabia O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.61  From O
here Arabia reaches B-LOC
to B-LOC
the Red I-LOC
Sea B-LOC
but I-LOC
on O
the O
far O
side O
being O
richer B-LOC
and O
more O
productive O
it O
abounds O
in O
incense O
and O
perfumes. O
On O
this O
side O
except O
where O
it O
is O
heightened O
by O
Mt. Casius O
 Arabia is O
flat O
and O
barren O
and O
admits O
Port Azotus as O
a O
trading O
place O
for O
their O
own O
wares. O
On O
this O
side Arabia rises O
to O
a O
great O
height O
being O
so O
elevated O
that O
from O
the O
mountaintop O
sunrise O
is O
visible O
from O
the O
fourth O
watch O
on. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.62  Syria B-LOC
Syria B-LOC
holds B-LOC
a I-LOC
broad I-LOC
expanse O
of O
the B-LOC
littoral I-LOC
as O
well O
as O
lands O
that B-LOC
extend O
rather O
broadly O
into O
the O
interior O
and B-LOC
it O
is O
designated O
by O
different O
names O
in B-LOC
different I-LOC
places. O
For O
example O
it O
is O
called Coele O
Syria O
 Mesopotamia O
 Judaea O
 Commagene O
and Sophene. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.63  It O
is Palestine at O
the O
point O
where Syria abuts O
the Arabs O
then Phoenicia B-LOC
and O
then O
— O
where O
it O
reaches Cilicia — Antiochia B-LOC
which O
was O
powerful O
long O
ago O
and O
for O
a B-LOC
long I-LOC
time O
but O
which O
was O
most O
powerful O
by O
far O
when Semiramis held O
it O
under O
her O
royal O
sway. O
Her O
works O
certainly O
have O
many O
distinctive O
characteristics. O
Two B-LOC
in O
particular O
stand O
out O
 Babylon was O
built O
as O
a O
city O
of O
amazing O
size O
and O
the Euphrates and Tigris were O
diverted O
into O
once O
dry O
regions. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.64  In Palestine O
however O
is Gaza O
a O
mighty O
and B-LOC
very O
well O
fortified O
city. B-LOC
This O
is B-LOC
why I-LOC
the Persians call O
it O
their O
treasury O
(and O
from O
that B-LOC
fact I-LOC
comes O
the O
name) O
when Cambyses headed O
for Aegypt under O
arms B-LOC
he O
had O
brought O
here O
both O
riches O
and B-LOC
the O
money B-LOC
for O
war. Ascalon is O
no O
less O
important O
a O
city. Iope was O
founded O
as O
they O
tell O
it O
before O
the O
flood O
 Iope is O
where O
the O
locals O
claim O
that Cepheus was O
king O
based O
on O
the O
proof O
that O
particular O
old O
altars O
— O
altars O
with O
the O
greatest O
taboo B-LOC
— O
continue O
to O
bear O
an O
inscription O
of O
that O
man O
and B-LOC
his I-LOC
brother Phineus. O
What O
is O
more O
they O
even O
point O
out O
the O
huge O
bones O
of O
the O
sea O
monster O
as O
a O
clear O
reminder O
of O
the O
event O
celebrated O
in O
song O
and O
legend O
and O
as O
a O
clear O
reminder O
of Andromeda O
who O
was O
saved O
by Perseus. Phoenicia O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.65  The Phoenicians are O
a O
clever O
branch O
of O
the O
human O
race O
and O
exceptional O
in O
regard O
to O
the O
obligations O
of O
war O
and O
peace O
and O
they O
made Phoenicia famous. O
They O
devised O
the O
alphabet O
literary O
pursuits O
and O
other O
arts O
too; O
they O
figured O
out O
how O
to O
win O
access O
to O
the O
sea O
by O
ship O
how O
to O
conduct O
battle O
with O
a O
navy O
and O
how O
to O
rule O
over O
other O
peoples; O
and O
they O
developed O
the O
power O
of O
sovereignty O
and O
the O
art O
of O
battle. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.66  In Phoenicia is Tyre O
once O
an O
island O
but O
now O
tied O
to O
the O
mainland O
because O
siegeworks O
were O
thrown O
up O
by Alexander O
who O
at O
one O
time O
assailed O
it. O
Villages O
occupy O
the O
upper O
coast O
along O
with O
still O
wealthy Sidon O
the O
most O
important O
of O
the O
maritime O
cities O
before O
it O
was O
captured O
by O
the Persians. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.67  From O
it O
to O
Point O
Theuprosopon O
there O
are O
two O
towns O
 Byblos and Botrys. O
Farther O
on O
there O
were O
once O
three O
towns O
each O
separated O
from O
the O
next O
by O
a O
single O
stade O
now O
the O
place O
is O
called Tripolis from O
the O
number O
of O
those O
towns. O
Then O
comes Simyra O
a O
military O
post O
and Marathos O
a O
not O
obscure O
city. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.68  From O
there O
on B-LOC
 Asia is I-LOC
no O
longer O
sideways O
to O
the O
sea O
but O
runs O
directly O
into O
it. Asia forms O
a O
tremendous O
gulf O
with O
the O
unbent O
extension O
of O
its O
littoral. O
Wealthy O
peoples O
live O
around O
the O
gulf O
and O
the O
location O
makes O
them O
rich O
because O
the O
fertile O
district O
perforated O
by O
frequent O
navigable O
riverbeds O
exchanges O
and O
combines O
in O
a O
ready O
traffic O
the B-LOC
diverse I-LOC
riches O
of O
sea O
and O
land. B-LOC
Event O
Date B-LOC
1 LA O
§ O
1.69  On O
the O
gulf O
is O
the O
remainder O
of Syria O
to O
which O
the O
name O
of Antiochia applies O
and O
on O
its O
shore O
are O
the O
cities Seleucia B-LOC
Hypatos O
 Berytos O
 Laodicea O
and Rhosos O
as B-LOC
well O
as O
the O
rivers O
that O
go B-LOC
between I-LOC
these O
cities O
the Lycos O
the O
Hypatos O
and O
the Orontes; O
then O
comes O
Mt. Amanus and O
right O
after O
it O
 Myriandros and O
the Cilicians. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.70  Cilicia O
In O
the O
gulf's O
deepest O
recess O
however O
is O
the O
site O
of O
a O
great O
historical O
turning O
point O
long O
ago. O
This O
place O
observed O
and O
witnessed O
both O
the Persians routed O
by Alexander and Darius in O
flight. O
Now O
it O
is O
marked O
not O
even O
by O
the O
most O
insignificant O
city O
but O
then O
it O
was O
famous O
because O
of O
its O
mighty O
city. O
The O
place O
was Issos O
and O
that O
is O
why O
the O
gulf O
is O
called O
the Gulf O
of O
Issos. O
At O
a O
distance O
from O
there O
lies O
Point B-LOC
Hammodes I-LOC
between O
the Pyramus Rivers. B-LOC
The Pyramus B-LOC
the O
river O
nearer O
to Issos O
flows O
beside Mallos; O
the Cydnus O
farther O
on O
goes O
through Tarsus. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA B-LOC
§ I-LOC
1.71  Next I-LOC
is O
a O
city O
once O
occupied B-LOC
by Rhodians and Argives O
later O
occupied O
by pirates when Pompey allotted O
it O
to O
them; O
now O
called Pompeiopolis O
then O
called Soloe. O
Beside O
it O
in O
a O
small O
mound O
the O
funerary O
monument O
of O
the O
poet Aratus must O
be O
mentioned O
for O
this O
reason O
because O
— O
no O
one O
knows O
why O
— O
rocks O
that O
are O
hurled O
on O
it O
burst O
apart. O
Not O
far O
from O
here O
the O
town O
of Corycos O
which O
is O
tied O
to O
the O
continent O
by B-LOC
a I-LOC
narrow O
ridge O
is O
surrounded O
by O
a O
harbor O
and O
by O
the O
open O
sea. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.72  Above O
the O
town O
is O
the O
so O
called Corycian Cave O
a O
cave O
of O
unique O
nature O
too O
extraordinary O
to O
be O
easily O
describable. O
For B-LOC
in O
fact O
it O
gapes O
wide O
with O
a B-LOC
tremendous I-LOC
maw O
and O
makes O
an O
opening O
right O
at O
the O
very O
top O
into O
the O
mountain O
which O
is O
located O
alongside O
the O
shore O
and O
which O
is O
quite O
steep O
with O
a O
path O
of O
ten O
stades. B-LOC
Then I-LOC
going O
down O
deeply B-LOC
— O
the O
more O
impressive O
the O
farther O
down O
it O
goes O
— O
the O
cave O
is O
alive O
with O
hanging O
growth O
everywhere O
and O
it O
is O
encircled O
completely O
by O
the O
shady O
embrace O
of O
its O
sides. O
The O
cave O
is O
so O
wonderful O
and O
beautiful O
that O
at B-LOC
first O
sight O
it O
boggles O
the O
minds O
of O
those O
who O
approach O
it O
but O
it O
will O
not O
gratify O
them O
when O
they O
have O
steeled O
themselves O
to O
observe O
it O
better. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ B-LOC
1.73  There I-LOC
is O
one O
descent O
into O
it O
narrow O
rough O
a O
mile O
and O
a O
half O
long O
through O
lovely O
shadows O
and O
the O
shade O
of O
a O
forest O
that O
resonates O
with O
a O
tinge O
of O
rusticity O
while O
streams O
continually O
flow O
from O
one O
direction O
or O
another. O
When O
the O
bottom O
is O
reached O
again O
a O
second O
cave O
is O
opened O
up O
but O
this O
one O
is O
now O
to O
be O
described O
for O
entirely O
other O
reasons. O
It O
terrifies O
those O
who O
enter O
with O
its O
miraculous O
roar O
of O
cymbals O
and O
the O
great O
uproar O
of O
things O
rustling O
around. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.74  After O
that O
it O
is O
visible O
for O
some O
time O
but O
then O
— O
where O
it O
goes O
down O
farther O
— O
it O
becomes O
darker. O
It O
draws O
deep O
down O
anyone O
who O
dares O
and O
it O
lets O
them O
in O
deep O
as O
if O
through O
a O
rabbit O
hole. O
There O
a O
mighty O
river O
rising O
from O
a O
mighty O
spring O
shows O
just O
a O
glimpse O
of O
itself O
and O
after O
it O
has O
drawn O
great O
force O
in O
its O
short O
channel O
again O
it O
plunges O
down O
and O
disappears. O
Inside O
there O
is O
a O
space O
too O
hair O
raising O
for O
anyone O
to O
dare O
to O
go O
forward O
and O
for O
that O
reason O
it O
remains O
unknown. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.75  The O
whole O
cave O
however O
being O
narrow O
and O
truly O
sacred O
both O
worthy O
of O
being O
inhabited O
by O
gods O
and O
believed O
to O
be O
so O
reveals O
nothing O
that O
is O
not O
venerable O
and O
it O
reveals O
itself O
as O
if O
with O
some O
kind O
of O
numinous O
power. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.76  Farther O
on O
is O
another O
cave O
which O
they O
call O
the O
Cave O
of Typhon O
with O
a O
narrow O
mouth O
and O
a O
very O
tight O
squeeze O
as O
those O
who O
have O
experienced O
it O
have O
reported. O
That O
is O
why O
the O
cave O
is O
permeated O
by O
an O
unending O
night O
and O
never O
easy O
to O
investigate. O
Because O
this O
cave O
was O
once O
the O
bedchamber O
of Typhon O
however O
and O
because O
now O
it O
instantly O
deprives O
of O
life O
anything O
and O
everything O
that O
goes O
down O
into O
it O
it O
is O
worth O
recording O
for O
its O
nature O
and O
its O
legend. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.77  Next O
there O
are O
two O
promontories O
 Sarpedon O
once O
the O
boundary O
of O
the O
kingdom O
of Sarpedon O
and Anemurium O
which O
separates Cilicia from Pamphylia. O
Between O
them O
lie Celenderis and Nagidos O
colonies O
of O
the Samians O
but Celenderis is O
the O
one O
nearer O
to Sarpedon. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.78  Pamphylia O
In Pamphylia are O
the O
navigable Melas River O
the O
town O
of Sida O
and O
a O
second O
river O
the Eurymedon. O
Beside O
the O
latter O
river O
the O
great O
naval O
battle O
took O
place O
against O
the Phoenicians and Persians O
as O
well O
as O
the O
great O
victory O
of Cimon O
the Athenian general. O
From O
a O
moderately O
high O
hill O
 Aspendos looks O
out O
on O
the O
sea O
where O
the O
battle O
was O
fought. Argives had O
founded Aspendos O
but O
their O
neighbors O
came O
to O
possess O
it. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.79  After O
that O
there O
are O
two O
other O
very O
strong O
rivers B-LOC
the Cestros and O
the Catarractes. O
The Cestros is O
easy O
to O
navigate O
but O
the O
latter O
gets B-LOC
its O
name B-LOC
because I-LOC
it O
makes O
waterfalls. O
Between B-LOC
those B-LOC
rivers O
are O
the O
town O
of Perga and O
the B-LOC
temple I-LOC
of O
Pergaean Diana O
whom O
they O
name O
after O
the O
town. O
Across O
those B-LOC
same I-LOC
rivers O
are B-LOC
Mt. O
Sardemisos O
and Phaselis O
which O
was O
founded O
by Mopsus and B-LOC
marks O
the O
boundary O
of Pamphylia. B-LOC
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.80  Lycia O
Moving O
right O
along O
 Lycia O
named O
for O
King Lycus O
the O
son O
of Pandion O
and O
as O
they O
say O
once O
unsafe O
because O
of O
the Chimaera's O
fiery O
breath O
terminates O
the O
tremendous O
gulf O
with O
the O
harbor O
of Sida and O
a O
spur O
of O
the Taurus range. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.81  The Taurus range O
actually O
rises O
over O
an O
immense O
distance O
starting O
from O
the O
shores O
of O
the O
Eastern O
Ocean O
and O
reaches O
quite B-LOC
an O
elevation. O
Then B-LOC
turning I-LOC
with O
its O
right O
flank O
to O
the O
north O
its O
left O
to O
the O
south O
the O
range O
goes O
straight O
west O
and O
with O
its O
unbroken O
chain O
where O
it O
separates O
the O
lands O
from O
one O
another O
it O
is O
the O
boundary O
of O
great O
peoples O
wherever O
it O
drives O
its O
ridge. O
The O
range O
ends O
by O
extending B-LOC
into O
the O
sea. O
Even O
where O
it O
looks O
east O
the Taurus is O
called B-LOC
by I-LOC
the O
same O
name O
as O
the O
whole O
(as B-LOC
just I-LOC
indicated). O
Then O
it O
is O
called O
Haemodes O
and Caucasus and O
Propanisus O
(Paropamisus); O
after O
that O
the Caspian O
Gates O
the Niphates O
the Armenian Gates; O
and O
where O
now O
it O
abuts O
Our O
Seas O
the Taurus again. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ B-LOC
1.82  After I-LOC
the Taurus promontory O
come O
the Limyra River O
and O
the O
city O
that O
is O
its O
namesake. O
Except O
for Patara O
the O
towns O
are O
as O
unresplendent O
as O
they O
are O
numerous. O
The O
temple O
of Apollo O
once O
similar O
to Delphi in O
wealth O
and O
in O
oracular O
credibility O
makes Patara well O
known. O
Farther O
on O
are O
the Xanthus River O
the O
town O
of Xanthos O
Mt. Cragus O
and O
the O
city O
that O
bounds Lycia O
 Telmesos. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.83  Caria follows O
and O
peoples O
of O
uncertain O
origin O
inhabit O
it. O
Some O
writers O
hold O
the O
opinion O
that O
they O
are O
indigenous O
peoples O
others O
that O
they O
are Pelasgians O
still O
others O
that O
they O
are Cretans. O
The B-LOC
nation I-LOC
was O
once O
so O
enamored O
of O
weapons O
and O
fighting O
that O
they O
used O
to O
fight B-LOC
other I-LOC
peoples' O
wars O
for O
pay. O
There O
are O
some O
forts O
here; O
then O
two O
promontories O
 Pedalion and Crya; O
and O
after O
the Calbis River O
the O
town O
of Caunus O
infamous O
for O
the O
ill O
health O
of O
its O
inhabitants. O
Event O
Date B-LOC
1 LA O
§ O
1.84  From O
there O
to Halicarnassos the O
following O
places O
are O
located O
a O
few Rhodian colonies O
and O
two O
harbors O
Gelos O
and O
the O
one O
called Thyssanusa after O
the O
city O
it O
surrounds. O
Between O
those B-LOC
harbors O
are O
the O
town O
of Larumna and B-LOC
the B-LOC
Hill O
of Pandion O
which O
extends O
into O
the B-LOC
sea; O
then O
three O
gulfs O
in O
order O
 Thymnias B-LOC
 Schoenus O
and O
Bubassius. Thymnias' O
promontory O
is O
Point O
Aphrodisium; Schoenus surrounds O
Hyla; O
Bubassius O
surrounds Cyrnos. O
Then O
comes Cnidus on O
the O
tip O
of O
a O
peninsula O
and O
between O
it O
and O
the O
Ceramicus O
Gulf O
located O
in O
a O
secluded O
place O
is Euthana. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.85  Halicarnassos is O
an Argive colony O
and O
there O
is O
a O
reason O
apart O
from O
its O
founders B-LOC
why O
it B-LOC
is I-LOC
memorable O
it O
produced O
the Mausoleum O
that O
is B-LOC
the I-LOC
funerary O
monument O
of O
King Mausolus O
one O
of O
the O
Seven O
Wonders O
and O
the O
work O
of Artemisia. O
Beyond Halicarnassos are O
the O
following O
places O
the O
coast O
of O
Leuca; O
the O
cities O
of Myndos O
 Caruanda O
and Neapolis; O
the Iasian and O
Basilic O
Gulfs. Bargylos is O
on O
the Iasian Gulf. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.86  After O
the O
Basilic O
Gulf O
 Ionia winds O
around O
with O
several O
twists O
and O
turns. O
Beginning O
its B-LOC
first I-LOC
bend B-LOC
from I-LOC
Point Poseidon O
it B-LOC
goes I-LOC
around O
the O
oracle O
of Apollo O
who B-LOC
in I-LOC
the O
old O
days O
was O
called O
Branchidian O
but O
nowadays O
is B-LOC
called Didymaean O
Apollo. B-LOC
Then O
comes Miletus O
once O
the O
leading O
city O
of O
all Ionia because B-LOC
of O
its O
skill O
in O
war O
and O
in O
peace O
and B-LOC
the O
birth O
place O
of O
the O
astronomer Thales O
the O
musician Timotheus O
and O
the O
natural O
philosopher Anaximander; O
and O
whenever O
they O
talk O
of Ionia Miletus is O
also O
justly O
renowned O
for O
the O
celebrated O
talents O
of O
its O
other O
citizens. O
The O
city O
of O
Hippis O
is O
the O
outlet O
of O
the Maeander River O
and O
Mt. Latmus is O
known O
for O
the O
legend O
of Endymion O
deeply O
loved O
as O
they B-LOC
report I-LOC
by B-LOC
the I-LOC
Moon. O
Event B-LOC
Date O
1 LA B-LOC
§ I-LOC
1.87  After O
that O
bending O
in B-LOC
again O
the O
coastline B-LOC
goes O
around O
the O
city O
of Priene and O
the O
mouth O
of O
the O
Gaesus O
River O
and O
then O
the O
bigger O
its O
circuit O
the O
more O
it O
embraces. O
The Panionium is O
there. O
It O
is O
a O
sacred O
district O
and O
for O
that O
reason O
is O
so O
designated O
because O
the Ionians tend O
it O
in O
common. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.88  There O
founded O
by B-LOC
fugitives I-LOC
as O
they O
say O
(and O
the O
name O
agrees B-LOC
with O
the O
report. O
is Phygela. Ephesus is O
there O
and O
the O
most O
renowned temple of Diana O
which O
the Amazons O
rulers O
of Asia O
are O
reported O
to O
have O
dedicated. O
The Cayster River O
is O
there. Lebedos is O
there O
and O
the O
shrine O
of Apollo O
which Manto O
 Teiresias' O
daughter O
founded O
when O
she O
was O
fleeing O
the B-LOC
Epigoni O
the O
conquerors O
of Thebes. Colophon is B-LOC
there B-LOC
which Mopsus O
son O
of O
that O
same Manto O
founded. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.89  By O
contrast O
the O
promontory O
by O
which O
the O
gulf O
is O
defined O
projects O
like O
a O
peninsula O
because O
with O
its O
other O
side B-LOC
it O
makes O
another O
gulf O
which O
they O
call O
the O
Gulf O
of Smyrna O
and O
because O
it O
extends O
its O
remaining O
portions O
over B-LOC
a O
wider O
expanse O
after O
a O
narrow O
neck O
of O
land. O
On O
that O
isthmus O
 Teos to O
the O
south O
side O
and Clazomenae to O
the O
north O
are O
tied O
together O
by O
a O
common O
boundary O
where O
they O
press O
their O
backs O
together O
and O
they O
look O
out O
on O
different O
seas B-LOC
with O
different O
coastlines. O
On O
the O
peninsula O
itself O
is O
Coryna. O
On O
the O
Gulf O
of Smyrna are O
the Hermus River O
and O
the O
city O
of Leuca; O
beyond B-LOC
is Phocaea O
the O
last O
city B-LOC
of Ionia. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.90  The O
next O
region O
became Aeolis from O
the O
time O
when O
it O
began O
to O
be O
cultivated O
by Aeolians. O
It O
was O
previously O
called Mysia B-LOC
however O
and O
where O
it O
adjoins O
the Hellespont O
with O
the Trojans in O
possession O
it O
was O
the Troad. O
They O
call O
the O
first O
of O
its O
cities Myrina after O
its O
founder O
Myrinus. Pelops established O
the O
following O
city O
when O
he O
returned O
from O
Greece O
after O
his O
victory O
over Oinomaus; O
the O
leader O
of O
the Amazons O
Cyme O
called O
it Cyme O
once O
those O
who O
had O
dwelt O
there O
were O
driven O
out. O
Above O
it B-LOC
the Caicus runs I-LOC
down O
between Elaea and Pitane O
the O
city O
that O
bore Arcesilas O
a O
very O
renowned O
head O
of O
the Academy when O
its O
doctrine O
was O
the O
suspension O
of O
judgment. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.91  At O
that O
point O
on O
a O
promontory O
comes O
the O
town O
of Cyna. O
This O
promontory O
receives B-LOC
gulfs O
that O
are O
not O
detailed B-LOC
here; O
they O
are B-LOC
not O
small O
gulfs O
but O
long O
and O
gentle O
bends O
that O
gradually O
carry O
the O
shoreline O
all B-LOC
the O
way O
back O
to O
the O
foot O
of O
Mt. Ida. O
The O
mountain O
range O
is O
sprinkled O
at O
first O
with O
small O
cities O
of O
which O
the O
most O
renowned O
is Cisthena. O
On O
the O
inner O
fold O
the O
plain O
 Thebe by O
name O
contains O
the O
adjacent O
towns Adramytion O
 Astura O
and Chrysa (in B-LOC
the O
same O
order O
as O
named) O
and O
it O
contains Antandrus on O
the O
other O
side. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.92  A O
dual O
explanation O
of O
that O
last O
name O
is O
in O
circulation. O
Some O
claim O
that Ascanius O
the O
son O
of Aeneas O
was O
captured O
by O
the Pelasgians when O
he B-LOC
ruled O
there O
and O
that O
he B-LOC
ransomed O
himself B-LOC
in O
exchange O
for O
that O
city. O
Others O
think O
that O
it O
was O
founded O
by O
people O
here O
whom O
civil O
war O
had O
driven O
from O
the O
island O
of Andros The O
latter O
wanted O
the O
name Antandrus to O
be O
accepted O
as O
meaning O
"in O
exchange O
for Andros O
" O
the O
former O
as O
"in O
exchange O
for O
a O
man." O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.93  The O
following O
stretch O
of O
coast O
reaches Gargara and Assos O
colonies O
of O
the Aeolians. O
Then O
not O
far O
from Troy B-LOC
a O
second O
gulf. Achaeon O
Limen O
curves O
its O
shores O
which O
are O
very O
renowned O
because O
of O
the O
city B-LOC
the I-LOC
war O
and O
the O
destruction. O
Here O
was B-LOC
the O
town O
of Sigeum O
here O
the O
camp O
of O
the O
warring Achaeans. B-LOC
Descending O
to O
this O
place O
from O
Mt Ida O
the Scamander makes O
its B-LOC
outlet I-LOC
and O
the Simois too O
rivers O
more O
important O
because O
of O
tradition O
than O
because O
of O
their O
physical O
character. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.94  The O
mountain O
itself O
remembered O
on O
account O
of O
the O
old O
struggle O
for O
booty O
and O
because O
of O
the O
judgment O
of Paris O
reveals O
the O
rising O
sun O
differently O
from O
the O
way O
it O
is O
usually O
viewed O
in O
other O
lands. O
In O
fact O
for O
people O
watching O
from O
the O
very O
peak O
more O
or O
less O
from O
the O
middle O
of O
the O
night O
on O
scattered O
fires O
appear O
to O
shine. O
The O
nearer O
the O
light O
draws O
the O
more O
those O
fires O
appear O
to O
come O
together O
and O
to O
fuse O
with O
one O
another O
until B-LOC
as O
a O
result B-LOC
of O
being O
gathered O
closer O
and O
closer O
together O
fewer O
fires O
are O
burning O
and B-LOC
until I-LOC
at O
the O
end O
they O
burn O
with O
a O
single O
flame. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.95  After O
that O
light O
has O
blazed O
brilliantly O
like O
a O
fire O
for B-LOC
a O
long O
time O
it O
compresses O
itself O
becomes O
round O
and O
turns O
into O
a O
huge O
sphere. O
For O
a O
long O
time O
that O
sphere O
appears O
sizable O
and B-LOC
tied O
to O
the O
earth. O
Then O
it O
decreases O
little O
by O
little O
becoming O
brighter O
the O
more O
it O
decreases. O
Last O
of O
all O
it O
dispels O
the O
night O
and O
turning O
into O
the O
sun O
now O
it O
rises O
along O
with O
the O
day. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.96  Outside O
the O
gulf O
is O
the Rhoetean coast O
with O
the O
renowned O
cities O
of Rhoeteum and Dardania O
but O
the O
coast O
is O
particularly O
important O
for O
the O
tomb O
of Ajax. O
From O
here O
the O
sea O
narrows O
down O
and O
no O
longer O
washes O
onto O
the O
mainland. O
Instead O
it O
divides O
the O
land O
again O
and O
it O
splits O
by O
means O
of O
the O
narrow O
strait O
of O
the Hellespont O
the O
shore O
that O
blocked O
its O
path. O
The O
sea O
causes O
the O
lands O
where O
it O
flows O
to O
be O
its O
sides O
again. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.97  Farther O
in O
are O
the Bithynians and O
the Mariandyni; O
on O
the O
coast O
are O
the O
Greek O
cities Abydos O
 Lampsacum O
 Parion O
and Priapos. Abydos is O
famous O
because O
of O
the O
circulation O
of O
a O
great O
love O
story O
long O
ago. Lampsacum O
as O
the Phocaeans call O
it O
got O
its O
name O
from O
the O
fact O
that O
when O
they O
inquired O
where O
it O
would O
be O
best O
for O
them O
to O
head O
out O
for O
an O
oracular O
response O
told O
them O
to O
make O
their O
home O
on O
the O
very O
spot O
where O
daylight O
had O
first O
struck. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.98  Then O
the O
sea O
widens O
as O
the Propontis O
into O
which O
flows O
the Granicus O
the O
river O
known O
for B-LOC
the O
very B-LOC
first I-LOC
battle O
between O
the Persians and Alexander. O
On O
the O
other O
side O
of O
the O
river O
 Cyzicum is O
located O
on O
the O
isthmus O
of O
a O
peninsula. O
We O
have O
learned O
that Cyzicus O
its O
namesake O
died O
in O
battle O
slaughtered O
by O
the O
unthinking Minyans when O
they O
were O
invading O
the Colchians. O
Later O
on O
come Placia and Scylace O
small Pelasgian colonies O
over O
which O
from O
the O
back O
hangs O
Mt. Olympus O
or O
Mt. Mysius as O
the O
locals O
call O
it. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.99  The Rhyndacos River O
goes B-LOC
through B-LOC
those I-LOC
places B-LOC
that O
follow. B-LOC
All O
around O
it O
are O
generated O
monstrous snakes O
remarkable O
not O
only O
because O
of O
their B-LOC
size I-LOC
but O
also O
because O
after O
they O
have O
fled O
from O
the O
sun's O
heat O
into O
the O
riverbed O
they O
in O
fact O
emerge O
open O
their O
mouths O
wide O
and O
swallow O
birds O
that O
fly O
above O
them O
even O
if O
they O
are O
flying O
high O
and O
fast. O
On O
the O
far O
side O
of O
the Rhyndacus are Dascylos and Myrlea O
the O
city O
the Colophonians settled. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.100  After O
that O
there O
are O
two O
moderate O
sized O
gulfs. O
One O
without O
a O
name O
embraces Cion O
the O
most O
convenient O
trading O
town O
for Phrygia O
which O
lies O
not O
too O
far O
away; O
the O
other O
one O
the O
Gulf O
of Olbia O
bears O
on O
its O
promontory O
a O
shrine O
of Neptune and O
in O
its O
bosom Astacos O
a O
city O
founded O
by Megarians. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.101  Next O
the O
continents B-LOC
again B-LOC
lie I-LOC
rather O
close O
to O
one O
another O
and O
the O
channel O
where O
the O
sea O
narrows O
as B-LOC
it O
is O
about O
to O
enter O
the Pontus O
separates O
Europe O
from Asia by O
five O
stades. O
This B-LOC
channel O
is O
the O
Thracian Bosphorus O
as O
previously O
indicated. O
In O
the O
very O
jaws O
of O
this Bosphorus is O
a O
town O
and O
at O
its O
mouth O
is O
a O
temple. O
The O
name O
of O
the O
town O
is Calchedon O
its O
principal O
founder Archias the Megarian. O
The O
divinity O
of O
the O
temple O
is Jupiter O
its O
founder Jason. O
Here O
now O
the O
mighty Pontus opens O
out O
and O
it O
extends O
to O
both O
the O
near O
and O
far O
sides O
in O
a O
long O
and O
straight O
line B-LOC
(except O
where O
there O
are O
promontories) O
even O
though O
the O
coast O
winds O
everywhere O
else. O
However O
because O
the O
shoreline O
recedes O
less O
on O
the O
opposite O
side O
than O
it O
does O
to O
the O
left O
or O
the O
right O
it O
curves O
around B-LOC
with O
soft O
points O
until O
it O
makes O
narrow O
angles O
on O
both O
ends B-LOC
and O
is O
rounded O
very O
much O
like O
the O
shape O
of O
the Scythian bow. O
The O
sea B-LOC
is I-LOC
brief O
cruel O
and O
cloudy; O
its O
stopping O
off O
places O
are O
few O
and O
far O
between; O
it O
is O
surrounded O
by O
a O
shore O
that O
is O
neither O
soft O
nor O
sandy; O
it O
borders O
on O
the O
north O
winds; O
and O
it O
is O
billowy O
and O
tempestuous O
because O
it O
is O
not O
deep. O
In O
the O
olden O
days O
the O
sea O
was O
called O
the Axenus Sea O
from O
the O
vicious O
disposition O
of O
the O
inhabitants O
but O
later B-LOC
it I-LOC
was O
called O
the O
Euxinus O
Sea O
because O
of O
traffic O
with O
somewhat O
gentler O
nations. B-LOC
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.102  Here O
now O
the O
mighty Pontus opens O
out O
and O
it O
extends O
to O
both O
the O
near O
and O
far O
sides O
in O
a O
long O
and O
straight B-LOC
line O
(except O
where O
there O
are O
promontories) O
even O
though O
the O
coast O
winds O
everywhere O
else. O
However O
because O
the O
shoreline O
recedes O
less O
on O
the O
opposite O
side O
than O
it O
does O
to O
the O
left O
or O
the O
right O
it O
curves O
around O
with O
soft O
points O
until O
it O
makes O
narrow O
angles O
on O
both O
ends O
and O
is O
rounded O
very O
much O
like O
the O
shape O
of O
the Scythian bow. O
The O
sea O
is O
brief O
cruel O
and O
cloudy; O
its O
stopping O
off O
places O
are O
few O
and O
far O
between; O
it O
is O
surrounded O
by O
a O
shore O
that O
is O
neither O
soft O
nor O
sandy; O
it O
borders O
on O
the O
north O
winds; O
and O
it O
is O
billowy O
and O
tempestuous O
because O
it O
is O
not O
deep. O
In O
the O
olden O
days O
the O
sea O
was O
called O
the O
Axenus O
Sea O
from O
the O
vicious O
disposition O
of O
the O
inhabitants O
but O
later O
it O
was O
called O
the O
Euxinus O
Sea O
because O
of O
traffic O
with O
somewhat O
gentler O
nations. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.103  On O
the Pontus O
first O
off O
the Mariandyni inhabit O
a O
city O
founded O
as O
they O
say O
by Argive Hercules. O
It O
is O
called Heraclea O
and O
that O
name O
adds O
credibility O
to O
the O
tradition. O
Next O
to O
it O
is O
the O
Acherusian O
Cave O
which O
goes O
down O
as O
they O
tell O
it O
to O
the Manes O
and O
they O
believe O
that O
Cerberus O
was O
hauled O
up O
from O
there. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.104  After O
that O
comes O
the O
town O
of Tios O
in O
fact O
a O
colony O
of O
the Milesians O
but O
now O
belonging O
to O
the O
land O
and O
people O
of Paphlagonia. O
More O
or O
less O
in O
the O
middle O
of O
their O
littoral O
is O
Point Carambis. O
On O
its O
nearer O
side O
is O
the Parthenius River; O
the O
cities O
of Sesamos O
 Cromnos O
and Cytorus (founded O
by O
Cytisorus O
the O
son O
of O
Phrixus); O
then O
Cinolis O
Collyris O
and Armene O
which O
marks O
the O
end O
of Paphlagonia. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.105  Next O
the Chalybes occupy O
two O
very O
renowned O
cities O
 Amisos and Sinope O
the O
latter O
being O
the O
birthplace O
of Diogenes the Cynic. O
As O
to O
rivers O
they O
have O
the Halys and O
the Thermodon. O
Beyond O
the Halys is O
the O
city O
of O
Lycastos; O
a O
plain O
lies O
beside O
the Thermodon. O
On O
that O
plain O
was O
the O
town O
of Themiscurum O
and O
there O
was O
an O
encampment O
too O
of O
Amazons O
which O
they O
call B-LOC
Amazonius I-LOC
for O
that O
reason. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.106  The Tibareni O
for O
whom O
the B-LOC
highest I-LOC
good O
lies O
in O
playing O
and O
laughing O
extend O
to O
the Chalybae. O
Farther O
on O
the Mossyni take O
shelter O
under O
wooden O
towers O
completely O
mark O
their O
whole O
bodies O
with O
tattoos O
eat O
in B-LOC
the O
open O
air O
recline O
with O
the O
sexes O
mixed O
and O
without O
concealing O
it O
and O
choose O
kings O
by O
vote. O
They O
keep O
their O
kings O
in O
chains O
and O
under O
the O
closest O
guard B-LOC
and O
when O
the O
kings O
have O
earned O
blame B-LOC
for I-LOC
exercising O
some O
power O
wrongfully B-LOC
the O
people O
punish B-LOC
them O
by O
depriving O
them O
of O
a O
whole O
day's O
food. O
Otherwise O
the O
people O
are O
rough O
crude O
and O
absolutely O
vicious O
to O
those O
who O
put O
in O
to O
shore O
there. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.107  After O
them O
come O
the O
less O
savage O
Macrocephali O
Bechiri O
and O
Buxeri O
but O
even O
these O
peoples O
are O
of O
unruly O
disposition. O
Cities O
are O
rare; O
particularly B-LOC
renowned B-LOC
though O
are Cerasunta and Trapezus. O
Event B-LOC
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.108  Next O
is O
that O
place O
where O
the O
stretch O
of O
coastline O
coming B-LOC
from I-LOC
the Bosphorus terminates O
and O
from O
there O
the O
bend O
of O
the O
opposite O
shore B-LOC
becoming O
more O
elevated O
on O
the O
gulf O
forms O
the O
narrowest O
angle O
of O
the Pontus. O
Here O
are O
the Colchians; O
the Phasis bursts O
into O
the O
sea B-LOC
here; I-LOC
here O
is O
the O
town O
colonized O
by Themistagoras the Milesian; O
here O
are O
the O
grove O
and O
temple O
of O
Phrixus O
who O
is O
well O
known O
from O
the O
old O
legend O
of O
the O
Golden O
Fleece. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.109  Rising O
from O
here O
the O
mountains O
stretch O
in O
a O
long O
ridge O
until O
they O
connect O
to O
the Riphaean Range. O
These O
mountains O
on O
one O
end O
face O
the Euxine O
the Maeotis O
and O
the Tanais O
and O
on O
the O
other O
they O
face O
the Caspian O
Sea. O
They O
are O
called O
the O
Ceraunians O
but O
are O
elsewhere O
called O
the O
Taurus O
Mountains O
the O
Moschic O
the O
Amazonian O
the O
Caspian O
the O
Coraxic O
the Caucasus — O
called O
by O
as O
many O
different O
names O
as O
there O
are O
peoples O
beside O
them. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.110  On O
the O
first O
bend O
however O
of O
the O
now O
curving O
shore O
there O
is O
a O
town O
that O
Greek O
merchants B-LOC
founded O
and B-LOC
they O
reportedly O
called O
it O
Cycnus O
because O
the O
voice O
of O
a O
swan O
had O
given O
a O
sign O
to O
them O
when O
while O
being B-LOC
tossed O
around O
in O
a O
blinding O
storm O
they O
did O
not O
know O
where O
land O
was. O
Wild O
uncivilized O
nations O
living O
beside O
the O
vast O
sea O
occupy O
its O
remaining O
coastline O
the Melanchlaeni O
the B-LOC
Toretici O
and O
six O
Colician O
peoples O
(the O
Coraxici O
the O
Phthirophagi O
the Heniochi O
the Achaeans O
the O
Cercetici O
and O
at O
this O
point O
the O
Sindones O
on O
the O
boundary O
of O
the Maeotis). O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.111  In O
the O
territory O
of O
the Heniochi O
 Dioscorias was O
founded O
by O
Castor O
and O
Pollux O
who O
came O
to O
the Pontus with O
Jason; O
and O
Sindos O
in O
the O
territory O
of O
the O
Sindones O
was B-LOC
founded O
by B-LOC
the O
actual O
cultivators B-LOC
of O
the O
land. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.112  Then O
a O
region O
situated O
sideways O
to O
the O
sea O
and O
moderately O
wide O
runs B-LOC
between O
the Pontus and O
the O
Swamp O
to O
the Cimmerian O
Bosphorus. O
The O
Coracanda O
which O
drains O
in O
two O
riverbeds O
to O
the O
lake O
and O
to O
the O
sea O
makes O
this O
region O
a O
peninsula. O
Four O
cities O
are O
located O
there O
 Hermonassa O
Cepoe O
 Phanagorea O
and O
on O
the O
very O
shore O
Cimmerium. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.113  On O
the O
near O
side O
the Maeotic Lake O
receives O
those O
who O
enter O
it. O
It O
spreads O
in O
all O
directions O
where O
it O
touches O
broad O
land O
but O
it O
is O
surrounded O
by O
an O
uncurving O
shore O
nearer O
to O
the O
sea. Maeotis is O
enclosed O
as O
it O
were O
by O
a O
border O
except O
where O
it O
has O
its O
opening O
and O
at O
the O
nearer O
end O
it O
is O
virtually O
similar O
to O
the Pontus in O
size. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.114  The O
Maeotici O
cultivate O
the O
shore O
that O
curves O
from O
the Cimmerian O
Bosphorus all O
the O
way O
to O
the Tanais O
as O
do O
the O
Thatae O
the O
Sirachi O
the O
Phicores O
and O
— O
next O
to O
the O
mouth O
of B-LOC
the I-LOC
river I-LOC
— O
the O
Ixamatae. O
Among O
them O
women O
practice O
the O
same O
skills B-LOC
as O
men O
so O
much O
so O
that O
women O
are O
not O
free O
even O
from O
military O
service. O
Men O
serve O
in O
the O
infantry O
and O
fight O
with O
bows; O
women O
enter O
battle O
on O
horseback O
and O
do O
not O
fight O
with O
swords O
but O
kill O
their O
captives O
by O
dragging O
them O
off B-LOC
with O
lariats. O
Still O
women B-LOC
do I-LOC
marry I-LOC
but I-LOC
there I-LOC
is B-LOC
no I-LOC
predictable I-LOC
age O
at O
which O
to O
be O
considered O
marriageable O
women O
remain O
virgins O
except O
for O
those O
who O
have O
killed O
an O
enemy. O
Event O
Date B-LOC
1 LA I-LOC
§ O
1.115  The Tanais itself O
falling O
from O
the Riphaean Mountains O
rushes O
so O
precipitously O
that O
it O
alone O
endures O
both B-LOC
summery I-LOC
heat O
and O
wintry O
cold O
in O
close O
proximity O
yet O
it O
runs O
down O
always O
the O
same O
unchanged O
and O
fast O
moving O
even O
when O
neighboring O
rivers O
the Maeotis O
the Cimmerian O
Bosphorus O
and O
certain O
parts O
of O
the Pontus are O
all O
frozen O
by O
winter's O
cold. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.116  The Sauromatae occupy O
its B-LOC
banks I-LOC
and O
the O
places O
that O
are O
contiguous O
with O
them. O
They O
are O
one O
nation O
but O
have O
as O
many O
peoples O
as O
they O
have B-LOC
names. I-LOC
First O
the O
Maeotid O
Gynaecocratumenoe O
— B-LOC
the I-LOC
kingdoms O
of B-LOC
the O
Amazons B-LOC
— O
occupy O
plains O
that O
are O
rich O
in O
pasture O
but O
barren B-LOC
and I-LOC
bare O
for O
other O
things. O
The O
Budini O
inhabit O
the O
city O
of O
Gelonos. O
Next O
to O
them O
the O
Thyssagetae O
and O
Turcae O
occupy O
endless O
forests O
and O
feed O
themselves O
by O
hunting. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
1.117  The O
next O
region O
is O
deserted O
and O
rough O
with O
uninterrupted O
cliffs O
over O
a O
wide O
stretch; O
it O
extends O
all O
the O
way O
to O
the O
Aremphaei. O
These O
people O
enjoy O
customs O
that O
are O
very O
much O
based O
on O
fair O
treatment; O
they O
have O
sacred O
groves O
for O
homes O
and O
berries O
as O
food; O
and O
both O
men O
and O
women O
keep O
their O
heads O
bare. B-LOC
Therefore O
these O
people O
are O
regarded O
as O
consecrated O
and O
no O
one O
from O
nations O
as O
savage O
as O
those O
here O
profanes O
these O
people O
which O
results O
in O
the O
custom O
that O
other O
people O
flee O
to O
them O
for O
asylum. O
Farther O
on O
the Riphaean Mountains O
rise O
up O
and O
beyond O
them O
lies O
the O
shore O
that O
faces O
Ocean. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ B-LOC
2.1  BOOK O
II O
That O
is O
the O
boundary O
as O
I O
have O
said O
and O
the O
layout O
of Asia where O
it O
verges O
on O
Our O
Sea O
and O
the Tanais. O
If O
people O
travel O
by O
the Tanais into O
the Maeotis O
Europe O
is O
situated O
to O
the O
right O
but O
to O
the O
left O
if O
sailing O
upriver. O
In O
Europe O
constantly O
falling O
snow O
makes O
those O
places O
contiguous O
with O
the Riphaean Mountains O
(which O
actually O
reach O
even O
this O
far) O
so O
impassable O
that O
in O
addition B-LOC
they O
prevent O
those O
who O
deliberately O
travel O
here O
from O
seeing O
anything. O
After O
that O
comes O
a O
region O
of O
very O
rich O
soil O
but O
quite O
uninhabitable O
because O
griffins O
a O
savage O
and O
tenacious O
breed O
of O
wild O
beasts O
love O
— O
to O
an O
amazing O
degree O
— O
the O
gold O
that O
is O
mined O
from O
deep O
within O
the O
earth O
there O
and O
because O
they O
guard O
it O
with O
an O
equally O
amazing O
hostility O
to O
those O
who O
set O
foot O
there. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.2  Scythia O
The O
first O
human O
beings O
are O
Scyths O
and O
first O
of O
the O
Scyths O
are O
the O
so O
called O
one O
eyed Arimaspoe; O
after O
them O
the O
Essedones O
are O
found O
all O
the O
way O
to Maeotis. O
The O
Buces O
River O
cuts O
the Maeotis' O
bend O
and O
the Agathyrsi and Sauromatae surround O
it. O
The O
Hamaxobioe O
are O
called O
that O
because O
they O
use O
their O
wagons O
as O
homes. O
Then O
a O
strip O
now O
running O
sideways O
to O
the Cimmerian O
Bosphorus O
is O
enclosed O
both O
by O
the Pontus and O
by O
the Maeotis. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.3  The O
Satarchae O
occupy O
the B-LOC
area O
that O
goes O
toward O
the O
Swamp; O
beside O
the Cimmerian O
Bosphorus are O
the O
Cimmerian O
towns O
of O
Murmecion O
 Panticapaeon O
 Theodosia O
and O
Hermisium O
while O
the O
Taurici O
live O
beside O
the Euxine Sea. O
Beyond O
them O
a O
bay O
full O
of O
harbors O
and O
therefore O
called O
Calos O
Limen O
is O
enclosed O
by O
two O
promontories. O
One O
promontory O
they O
call Criu O
Metopon O
and O
it O
is O
equal O
and O
opposite O
to O
Point Carambis O
which O
we O
have O
said O
is O
in Asia. O
The O
other O
one O
is O
Point O
Parthenion. O
The O
town O
of Cherronesus lies O
beside O
this O
promontory O
and O
was O
founded O
— O
if O
this O
is O
believable O
— O
by O
Diana. O
The O
town O
is O
particularly O
famous O
for O
a O
nymphaeum O
in O
the O
form O
of O
a O
cave O
which O
was O
dedicated O
on O
its O
citadel O
to O
the O
nymphs. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.4  Then O
the O
sea O
encroaches O
on O
the O
bank O
and O
it O
follows O
all O
the O
way O
along O
the O
receding O
coastlines O
until O
it O
is O
five O
miles O
distant O
from O
the Maeotis O
where O
it O
renders O
them O
into O
a O
peninsula. O
One B-LOC
of I-LOC
these O
coasts B-LOC
the I-LOC
Satarchae O
occupy O
the O
Taurici O
the O
other. O
What O
lies O
between O
the O
Swamp O
and O
the O
bay O
is O
called Taphrae; O
the O
bay O
is O
called O
Carcinites O
In O
it O
is O
the O
city O
of Carcine O
flanked O
by O
two O
rivers B-LOC
the O
Gerrhos O
and O
the O
Hypacaris O
which O
make O
their O
outlet O
to O
the O
sea O
through O
a O
single O
mouth O
although O
they O
flow O
down O
from O
different O
springs B-LOC
and O
from O
different O
directions. O
For B-LOC
the B-LOC
Gerrhos I-LOC
rolls O
along B-LOC
between O
the O
territory O
of O
the O
Basilidae O
and O
that O
of O
the O
Nomads O
the O
Hypacaris O
right O
through O
that O
of O
the O
Nomads. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA B-LOC
§ O
2.5  Then O
come O
the O
vast O
forests O
that O
these O
lands O
bear O
as O
well O
as O
the O
Panticapes O
River O
which O
separates O
the O
Nomads O
and B-LOC
the I-LOC
Georgians. O
At O
that O
time O
the O
land O
which O
pulls O
back O
for O
a O
long O
stretch O
is O
tied O
to O
the B-LOC
shore I-LOC
by O
a O
slender O
base; O
subsequently O
where O
it O
is O
moderately O
wide O
the O
land O
fashions O
itself O
gradually O
into O
a O
point. O
Just O
as O
if O
it O
were O
collecting O
its O
long O
sides O
into O
a O
sword O
point O
the O
land O
affects O
the O
appear O
ance O
of O
a O
drawn O
sword. O
Achilles O
entered O
the Pontic Sea O
with O
a O
hostile O
fleet O
and O
it O
is O
remembered O
that O
he O
celebrated O
his O
victory O
there O
with O
competitive O
games O
and O
that O
there O
he O
routinely O
exercised O
himself O
and O
his O
men O
when O
there O
was O
a O
respite O
from O
the O
fighting. O
Therefore O
the O
land O
is O
called Dromos O
Achilleos. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.6  Then B-LOC
the Borysthenes River O
washes B-LOC
up O
on O
the O
territory O
of O
the O
nation O
that O
bears O
its O
name. O
The O
loveliest B-LOC
among Scythia's O
rivers O
it O
flows O
down O
the O
most O
smoothly O
(the O
others O
are O
turbulent) O
and O
it O
is O
calmer O
than O
the O
others O
and O
absolutely O
delicious O
to O
drink. O
This O
river O
feeds O
the O
most O
prolific O
pastures O
and O
sustains O
big O
fish O
with O
the O
best O
flavor O
and O
no O
bones. O
The Borysthenes comes O
from O
a O
long O
way O
off O
and O
rises O
from O
unidentified O
springs. O
With O
its O
bed O
the O
river O
skims O
through O
a O
path O
of O
forty O
days' B-LOC
hiking I-LOC
is O
navigable O
over O
the O
same O
route O
and O
debouches O
between O
the O
Greek O
towns O
of O
Borysthenis O
and Olbia. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.7  The Hypanis River O
borders O
the O
territory O
of O
the O
Callipidae. O
It O
rises O
from O
a O
vast O
swamp O
which O
the O
locals O
call O
its O
Mother O
and O
for O
a O
long O
while O
flows O
down O
exactly O
as O
it O
was O
born. O
Finally O
not O
far O
from O
the O
sea O
it O
takes O
in O
from O
a O
small O
spring O
(the O
name O
of O
which O
is O
Exampaeus) O
waters O
so O
bitter O
that O
from O
this O
point O
on O
the O
very O
river O
still O
continues O
to O
flow O
but O
is O
now O
changed O
completely. O
The O
Asiaces O
the O
next O
river O
descends O
between O
the O
territories O
of O
the O
Callipidae O
and O
the O
Asiacae. O
The Tyra separates O
the O
people O
here B-LOC
from I-LOC
the Istrians. I-LOC
That O
river O
rises O
among O
the Neuri O
and B-LOC
where O
it O
makes O
its O
outlet O
to O
the O
sea O
it O
runs O
beside O
a O
town O
of O
the O
same O
name. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.8  The O
river O
that O
separates O
the O
peoples O
of Scythia from O
their O
neighbors O
however O
begins O
— O
its O
sources O
in O
Germany O
are O
known O
— O
with O
a O
name O
different O
from O
the O
one O
with O
which O
it O
finishes. O
In O
fact O
through O
immense O
lands O
belonging O
to O
great O
nations O
it O
is O
for O
a O
long O
time O
the Danube; O
then O
with O
the O
local O
peoples O
using O
another O
name O
it O
becomes O
the Ister. O
After O
receiving O
several O
more O
rivers O
it O
then O
becomes O
a O
mighty O
river. O
Of O
those O
rivers O
that O
debouch O
into O
Our O
Sea O
the Ister is O
no B-LOC
smaller I-LOC
than B-LOC
the Nile and O
has O
the O
same O
number O
of B-LOC
mouths I-LOC
as O
that O
river O
but O
it O
flows O
into O
the O
sea O
with O
three O
shallow O
mouths O
and O
four O
that O
are O
navigable. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.9  The O
temperaments O
and O
cultures O
of O
the O
nations O
differ. O
The O
Essedones O
celebrate O
their O
parents' O
funerals O
joyfully O
and O
with O
a O
festive O
gathering O
of O
family O
members. O
In O
the O
feast O
they O
devour O
the O
actual O
corpses O
once O
they O
have O
been O
ripped O
apart O
and O
stirred O
in O
with O
the O
innards O
of O
slaughtered O
cattle. O
After O
they O
have O
smoothed O
and O
polished O
them O
skillfully O
the O
skulls O
are O
bound O
with O
gold O
and O
they O
use O
them O
for O
drinking O
cups. O
These O
are O
among O
them B-LOC
the O
last O
rites O
of O
their O
religion. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.10  The Agathyrsi tattoo O
their O
faces O
and O
limbs O
each O
more O
or O
less O
in O
proportion O
to O
the O
prominence O
of O
their O
ancestors O
but O
they O
all O
do O
so O
with O
the O
same O
marks O
and O
in O
such O
a O
way O
that O
they O
cannot O
be O
washed O
off. O
The O
Satarchae O
have O
no O
experience O
of O
gold O
and O
silver O
(the O
worst O
pestilences) O
and O
they O
conduct O
business O
by O
barter. O
They O
even B-LOC
inhabit O
caves O
and O
dugouts O
with O
their O
homes O
sunk O
into O
the O
ground O
because B-LOC
of O
the O
savage O
and O
virtually O
unending O
winter; O
they O
cover O
their O
whole O
bodies O
and O
even O
their O
faces O
except O
where O
they O
look O
out. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.11  The Taurians O
well O
remembered O
for O
the O
arrival O
of O
Iphigenia O
and O
Orestes O
are O
monstrous O
in O
character O
and O
have O
the O
monstrous O
reputation O
that O
they O
slaughter O
newcomers O
as O
sacrificial O
offerings. O
The O
Basilid O
nation O
began O
with O
Hercules O
and O
Echidna. O
Their O
character O
is O
regal O
and O
only O
arrows O
serve O
them O
as O
weapons. O
The O
wandering O
Nomads O
follow O
the O
pastures O
of O
the O
flocks O
and O
as O
long O
as O
those O
pastures O
last O
they O
pass O
the O
time O
in O
a O
fixed O
abode. O
The O
Georgians O
cultivate O
and O
work O
the O
fields. O
The O
Asiacae O
do O
not O
know O
what O
stealing O
is O
and O
for O
that O
reason O
they O
neither O
protect O
their O
own O
property O
nor O
touch O
anyone O
else's. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.12  To O
the O
interior O
the O
ritualistic O
behavior O
of O
the O
inhabitants O
is O
cruder O
and O
the O
territory O
less O
tilled. O
They O
love O
the O
bloodshed O
of O
war O
and O
it O
is O
customary O
for O
warriors O
to O
drink O
blood O
from O
the O
very O
wounds O
of O
the O
first O
man O
they O
ever O
killed. O
The O
more O
a O
man O
kills O
the O
more O
valued O
he O
is O
among O
them. O
Among O
the O
marks O
of O
shame O
by O
contrast O
surely O
the O
worst O
is O
to O
have O
no O
experience O
of O
shedding O
blood. O
Not O
even O
their O
peace O
treaties O
are O
without O
blood. O
The O
negotiators O
all O
cut O
themselves O
and O
sip O
the O
drawn O
blood O
after O
they O
have O
mixed O
everybody's O
together. O
They O
think O
that O
drinking O
it O
is O
the O
surest O
guarantee O
of O
a O
lasting O
good O
faith. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.13  At O
their O
banquets O
the O
happiest O
and O
most O
frequent O
topic O
of O
conversation O
is O
to O
tell O
how O
many O
men O
each O
one O
has O
killed. O
Those O
who O
have O
reported O
the O
most O
chug O
from O
double O
cups. O
Among O
the O
carousers O
that O
is O
a O
special O
honor. O
These O
people O
smooth O
out O
their O
drinking O
cups O
from O
the O
skulls O
of O
their O
greatest O
personal O
enemies O
the O
same O
way O
the O
Essedones O
do O
from O
their O
parents' O
skulls. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.14  Among O
the O
Anthropophagi O
even O
ordinary O
banquets O
are O
provided O
with O
human O
entrails. O
The O
Geloni O
cover O
themselves O
and O
their O
horses O
with O
the O
skins O
of O
their O
enemies O
— O
their O
horses O
with O
the O
flesh O
from O
the O
rest O
of O
the O
body O
themselves O
with O
the O
skin O
from O
the O
heads. O
The Melanchlaeni have O
coal O
black O
clothing O
and O
from O
that O
they O
get O
their O
name. O
There O
is O
a O
preordained O
time O
for O
each O
of O
the Neuri at O
which O
if O
they O
so O
desire O
they O
metamorphose O
into O
wolves O
and O
back O
into O
who O
they O
were. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.15  Mars O
is O
the O
god O
of O
all O
these O
peoples. O
To O
him O
they O
dedicate O
swords O
and O
sword O
belts O
instead O
of O
images O
and O
sacrifice O
human O
beings O
instead O
of O
animals. O
The O
lands O
cover O
a O
broad O
expanse O
and O
because O
the O
rivers O
often O
overflow O
their O
banks O
they O
are O
never O
barren O
of O
pasture. O
Yet O
in O
some O
places O
the O
lands O
are O
so O
completely O
infertile O
for O
any O
other O
growth O
that O
the O
inhabitants O
who O
are O
short O
of O
wood O
feed O
their O
fires O
with O
bones. Thrace O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.16  Thrace is O
next O
to O
these O
lands O
and O
it O
extends O
far O
inland O
from O
its O
front O
on O
the Pontic end O
all O
the O
way O
to O
the Illyrians. O
Where O
it O
extends O
its O
lateral O
borders O
 Thrace is O
contiguous O
with O
the Ister and O
Our O
Sea. O
The O
region O
is O
favorable O
neither O
in O
its O
climate O
nor O
in O
its O
soil O
and O
except O
where O
it O
is O
closer O
to O
the O
sea O
it O
is O
infertile O
cold O
and O
quite O
intolerant O
of O
cultivated O
plants. O
It O
rarely O
ever O
sustains O
a O
fruit O
bearing O
tree O
but O
rather O
commonly O
sustains O
the O
vine. O
The O
fruit O
of O
the O
vine O
however O
does O
not O
ripen O
and O
soften O
except O
where O
the O
cultivators O
have O
stopped O
the O
cold O
by O
heaping O
leaves O
around O
them. O
It O
nourishes O
men O
in O
more O
kindly O
fashion O
but O
not O
for O
their O
physical O
appearance. O
Indeed O
their O
bodily O
condition O
is O
rough O
and O
unbecoming O
but O
is O
especially O
conducive O
to O
fierceness O
and O
population O
size O
since O
they O
are O
both O
numerous O
and O
merciless. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.17  It O
lets O
few O
rivers O
go O
through O
to O
the O
sea O
but O
the O
most O
famous O
ones O
it O
lets O
through O
are O
the Hebrus O
the Nestos O
and O
the Strymon. O
The O
interior O
throws O
up O
mountains O
— O
Mt. Haemos O
Mt. Rhodope O
and O
Mt. Orbelos O
all O
very O
well O
known O
for O
the O
sacred O
rituals O
of Father O
Liber and O
for O
the O
gathering O
of O
maenads O
that O
Orpheus O
instituted. O
Of O
these O
three O
the Haemos rises O
so O
high O
that O
it O
gives O
views O
of O
both O
the Euxine and O
the Adriatic Seas O
from O
its O
very O
peak. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.18  The Thracians inhabit O
the O
land O
one O
people O
although O
they O
are O
furnished O
with O
a O
variety O
of O
names O
and O
customs. O
Some Thracians — B-LOC
and O
certainly O
the Getae — O
are O
wild O
and O
absolutely O
prepared O
to O
die. O
A O
range O
of O
belief O
brings O
this O
readiness O
into O
being. O
Some O
individuals O
think O
that O
the O
souls O
of O
the O
dead O
will O
return; O
others O
think O
that O
even O
if O
they O
do O
not O
return O
souls O
still O
are O
not O
obliterated O
but O
go O
to O
a O
happier O
place; O
still O
others O
think O
that O
souls O
do O
perish O
absolutely O
but O
that O
dying O
is O
better O
than O
living. O
Therefore O
childbirth O
is O
mourned O
among O
certain Thracians O
and O
newborns O
are O
wept O
over. O
Funerals O
in O
contrast O
are O
festive O
and O
are O
celebrated O
just O
like O
their O
sacred O
rites O
with O
singing O
and O
gamboling. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.19  Not O
even O
in O
the O
case O
of O
women O
does O
the O
mind O
shirk O
its O
duty. O
They O
consider O
it O
the O
greatest O
obligation O
to O
be O
killed O
over O
the O
corpses O
of O
their O
dead O
husbands O
and O
to O
be O
buried B-LOC
along O
with B-LOC
them. O
Because O
individual B-LOC
men O
have O
several O
wives O
at O
once O
their O
wives B-LOC
compete O
in O
a O
great O
contest B-LOC
to O
be O
the O
one O
to O
have O
this O
honor O
and O
they O
compete O
before O
those O
who O
will O
make O
the O
decision. O
It O
suits O
their O
mores O
and O
is O
a O
special O
source O
of O
joy O
when O
there O
is O
a O
struggle O
to O
be O
supreme O
in O
this O
contest. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.20  Other O
women O
raise O
the O
lament O
with O
their O
keening O
and O
raise O
their O
voices O
in O
the O
most O
bitter O
lamentations. O
But O
those O
who O
have O
a O
mind O
to O
console O
them O
bring O
their O
weapons O
and O
wealth O
to O
the O
funeral O
pyre O
and O
these O
same O
individuals O
are O
prepared O
as O
they O
say O
over O
and O
over O
again O
either O
to O
bargain O
with O
or O
to O
fight O
with O
the O
destiny O
of O
the O
dead O
man O
in O
case O
it O
is O
up O
to O
them; O
when O
there O
is O
no O
room O
for O
fighting O
or O
money O
[...]. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.21  Virgins O
worthy O
of O
marriage O
are O
not O
given O
to O
their O
husbands O
by O
their O
parents. O
Instead O
they O
either O
are O
publicly O
displayed O
as O
ready O
for O
marriage O
or O
else O
are O
put O
up O
for O
sale. O
The O
explanation O
for O
the O
choice O
of O
procedure O
rests O
on O
appearance O
and O
character. O
Upright O
beautiful O
women O
are O
prized; O
men O
with O
money O
seek O
out O
all O
the O
others O
for O
a O
price. O
The O
use O
of O
wine O
is O
unknown O
to O
some Thracians O
but O
a O
hilarity O
like O
drunkenness O
comes O
over O
them O
from O
the O
smoke O
at O
banquets O
when O
certain O
seeds O
are O
thrown O
onto O
the O
fires O
as O
they O
sit O
around O
them. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.22  On O
the O
seacoast O
 HIstropolis lies O
beside O
the Ister; O
next Callatis O
colonized O
by O
the Milesians; O
then Tomoe O
Caria O
Port O
and O
Cape O
Tiristis. O
The O
second O
angle O
of O
the Pontus receives O
those O
who O
go O
past O
this O
promontory O
— O
that O
is O
the O
angle O
opposite O
to O
the O
one O
by O
the Phasis River O
and O
like O
it O
but O
fuller. O
Here O
was Bizone O
which O
collapsed O
in O
an O
earthquake. O
Here O
are O
the O
port O
of O
Crunos O
and O
the O
cities O
of Dionysopolis O
 Odessos O
 Messembria O
and Anchialos O
as O
well O
as O
the O
great Apollonia in O
the O
deepest O
part O
of O
the O
bay O
right O
where O
the Pontus finishes O
its O
second O
bend O
with O
an O
angle. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.23  From O
here O
the O
shoreline O
is O
straight O
except O
that O
more O
or O
less O
in O
the O
middle O
it O
extends O
into O
a O
promontory O
which O
they O
call Thynias. O
In O
contradistinction O
the O
coast O
continues O
with O
its O
uncurved O
shores O
and O
it O
supports O
the O
cities O
of Halmydesos O
 Philiae O
and Phinopolis. O
That O
is O
as O
far O
as O
the Pontus goes. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.24  After O
that O
come O
the Bosphorus and Propontis; O
on O
the Bosphorus is Byzantion O
and O
on O
the Propontis O
 Selymbria O
 Perinthos O
and O
Bytinis. O
The O
rivers O
that O
flow O
among O
these O
places O
are O
the Erginos and Atyras. O
At O
that O
point O
comes O
the O
part O
of Thrace once O
ruled O
by O
Rhessus O
then O
Samian Bisanthe O
and O
once O
mighty Cypsela. O
Farther O
on O
is O
the O
place O
the O
Greeks O
call Macron O
Teichos O
as O
well O
as Lysimachia O
sitting O
at O
the O
base O
of O
the O
great O
peninsula. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA B-LOC
§ O
2.25  The O
land O
that O
follows O
never O
runs O
to B-LOC
much I-LOC
width O
and O
is O
very B-LOC
constricted I-LOC
here O
between O
the Hellespont and O
the Aegean. O
They O
call O
the O
narrow O
part O
Isthmos O
its O
forward O
part Mastusia O
and O
the O
whole Chersonesus O
which O
is O
famous O
for O
many O
reasons. O
Event B-LOC
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.26  On O
it O
is O
the Aegos O
river O
remarkable O
because O
of O
the O
destruction O
of B-LOC
the I-LOC
Attic I-LOC
fleet. Sestos is B-LOC
there B-LOC
too O
opposite Abydos O
and O
is O
very O
well O
known B-LOC
for O
the O
love O
of Leander. O
That O
is O
also O
the O
region O
where B-LOC
the Persian army O
dared O
to O
join O
by O
bridges O
lands O
that O
were O
separated O
by O
space O
and O
sea. O
An O
amazing O
and O
mighty O
deed! O
It O
crossed O
from Asia to O
Greece O
on O
foot O
and O
crossed O
the O
sea O
without O
sailing O
on B-LOC
it. I-LOC
The O
bones O
of Protesilaus have O
been O
consecrated O
there O
with O
a O
shrine. O
Here O
too O
is O
Port Coelus O
remarkable O
for B-LOC
the I-LOC
destruction B-LOC
of O
the Laconian fleet O
when O
the Athenians and Lacedemonians clashed O
in O
naval O
battle. O
Here O
is Cynos O
Sema B-LOC
the O
tomb O
of Hecuba O
acquiring O
this B-LOC
humble O
name B-LOC
either O
from O
the B-LOC
figure I-LOC
of B-LOC
the dog into I-LOC
which B-LOC
she O
reportedly O
was O
changed O
or O
else O
from O
the O
misfortune O
into O
which B-LOC
she I-LOC
had O
fallen. B-LOC
Here O
is Madytos O
and O
here Eleus O
which O
ends O
the Hellespont. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.27  The O
long O
shore O
immediately O
thrusts O
along O
the Aegean O
Sea for O
a O
considerable O
distance O
and O
in O
a O
great O
gentle O
ambit O
from O
here O
to O
what O
is O
called O
Cape Sounion it O
goes O
around O
land O
that O
is O
swept O
back O
from O
its O
path. O
Those O
who O
sail O
this O
stretch O
and O
round Mastusia have O
to O
enter B-LOC
a I-LOC
gulf I-LOC
that O
flows O
onto O
the O
other O
side O
of O
the O
Thracian Chersonesus and O
is O
enclosed B-LOC
by O
a O
mountain O
ridge O
just B-LOC
like I-LOC
a O
valley. O
The O
gulf O
is O
called Melas after O
the O
river O
it O
takes O
in O
and O
it O
embraces O
two O
cities O
 Alopeconnesus and Cardia O
which O
is O
situated O
on O
the O
far O
side B-LOC
of O
the Isthmus. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.28  Aenos O
which O
was O
founded O
by Aeneas in O
exile O
is O
an O
exceptional O
place. O
The Cicones are O
found O
around O
the Hebrus River O
and O
on O
its O
far O
side O
is Doriscos O
where O
they O
say Xerxes measured O
his O
troops O
by O
space O
because O
he O
could O
not O
do O
so O
by O
number. O
After O
that O
is O
Cape Serrhion and Zone O
where O
even O
the O
groves O
according O
to O
the O
story O
followed O
the O
singing Orpheus. O
At O
that B-LOC
point O
come O
the O
Sthenos O
River O
and Maroneia lying O
on O
its O
banks. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.29  The O
farther O
region O
bore Diomedes. O
He O
used O
to O
throw O
strangers O
to O
be O
eaten O
by O
his O
monstrous horses O
and O
he O
was O
thrown O
once O
and O
for O
all O
to O
those O
same horses by Hercules. O
What O
they O
call O
the O
Tower O
of Diomedes remains O
as O
evidence O
of O
the O
legend O
and O
so O
too O
the O
city O
of Abdera. O
which O
his O
sister O
named O
after O
herself. O
That O
city O
however O
has O
something O
else O
to O
be O
remembered O
for B-LOC
namely O
that O
it O
gave O
birth O
to Democritus the O
natural O
philosopher O
rather O
than O
that O
it O
was O
founded O
in B-LOC
this I-LOC
way. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.30  Farther O
on O
the Nestos River O
flows O
and O
between O
it O
and O
the Strymon are O
the O
cities O
of Philippi O
 Apollonia O
and Amphipolis; O
between O
the Strymon and Athos is O
the O
Tower O
of O
Calarnaea O
the O
port O
of Capru O
Limen O
and O
the O
cities O
of Acanthus and O
Echinia; O
between Athos and Pallene are O
the O
cities O
of Kleonai and Olynthos. O
The Strymon O
as O
we O
have O
said O
is O
a O
river. O
It O
begins O
far O
away O
where O
it O
is O
a O
rivulet O
but O
becomes B-LOC
fuller O
now O
and O
then O
from O
waters O
that O
originate O
elsewhere. O
After O
the O
river O
forms O
a O
lake O
not O
far O
from B-LOC
the I-LOC
sea O
it O
then O
rushes O
into O
the O
sea B-LOC
from I-LOC
a O
bed O
greater O
than O
the O
one O
it O
had O
come O
down O
with. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.31  Mt. Athos is O
so O
tall O
that O
it O
is O
believed O
to B-LOC
be O
even O
higher B-LOC
than O
the O
place O
from O
which O
the O
rains O
fall. O
The O
idea O
gets O
credibility O
because O
ashes O
do O
not O
wash O
off O
the O
altars O
that O
it B-LOC
has I-LOC
on I-LOC
its O
peak O
but O
remain O
on O
the O
mound O
where O
they O
are O
left. O
The O
mountain O
however O
proceeds O
to O
the O
sea O
not O
by O
a O
spur O
as O
some O
say O
but O
with O
its O
whole O
long O
ridge. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.32  Where O
it O
clings O
to O
the O
continent O
it O
was O
excavated O
and O
then O
sailed O
across O
by Xerxes when O
he O
was O
invading O
Greece O
and O
it O
is O
still O
traversable O
by O
a O
navigable O
strait. O
Small O
colonies O
of Pelasgians occupy O
the O
foot O
of O
the O
mountain. O
On O
its O
summit O
was O
the O
town O
of Acrothoon O
where O
as O
they O
tell O
it O
the O
life O
of O
the O
inhabitants O
was O
longer O
by O
half O
than O
it O
was O
in O
other O
lands. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.33  Pallene has O
so B-LOC
much O
open O
land O
that O
it O
is O
the O
seat O
and O
territory B-LOC
of O
five O
cities; O
the B-LOC
whole I-LOC
peninsula B-LOC
extends O
into B-LOC
the O
sea O
even O
though O
it O
is O
quite O
narrow O
where O
it O
begins. Potidaea is B-LOC
located O
there O
but O
where O
it O
is O
broader O
 Mende and Scione need B-LOC
mention. Mende was O
founded O
by O
the Eretrians O
 Scione by B-LOC
the Achaeans as B-LOC
they O
were O
returning O
after O
the O
capture O
of Troy. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.34  Then O
the Macedonian peoples O
inhabit O
a O
number O
of O
cities O
of O
which Pelle is O
especially O
renowned O
Its O
native O
sons O
create O
this O
reputation O
— Philip the O
conqueror O
of O
Greece O
and Alexander O
too O
the O
conqueror O
of Asia. O
On O
the O
coast O
 Megyberna Bay O
between O
Points Deris and Canastraion O
goes O
around O
both O
the O
port O
of Cophos and O
the O
cities O
of Torone and O
Myscella O
as O
well O
as Megyberna (whence O
the O
bay's O
name). O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.35  Sane is O
next O
to O
Point Canastraion; O
in O
the O
middle O
where O
the O
land O
folds O
in O
 Megyberna Bay O
cuts O
moderately O
into O
the O
shoreline. O
However O
that O
may O
be O
the O
huge Thermaic Gulf O
with O
its O
long O
sides O
extends O
well O
into O
the O
sea. O
The Axius River O
runs O
through Macedon into O
this O
gulf O
and O
at O
this O
point O
so O
does O
the Peneus through Thessalian territory. Thessalonice comes O
before O
reaching O
the Axius O
and O
between O
these O
two O
places O
are Cassandria O
 Cydna O
 Aloros O
and O
Itharis. B-LOC
From O
the Peneus to O
Point Sepias are O
Corynthya O
 Meliboea O
and Castanea O
all O
equally O
famous O
except O
that Philoctetes O
its O
native O
son O
ennobles Meliboea. B-LOC
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.36  The O
lands O
of O
the O
interior O
famed O
for O
the O
names O
of O
its O
localities O
produce O
almost O
nothing O
that O
is O
not O
well O
known. O
Not O
far O
from O
here B-LOC
is Olympus; Pelion is I-LOC
here; O
so O
is Ossa — O
all O
mountains O
remembered O
for O
the O
fabled O
War O
of O
the Giants. O
Here O
is Pieria O
both O
the O
mother O
of O
the Muses and O
their O
home. O
Here O
is O
the O
ground O
last O
tramped O
by O
the O
Greek Hercules O
the O
defile O
of O
Mt. Oita. O
Here O
is Tempe O
well O
known O
for O
its O
sacred O
grove O
and Libethra O
the O
fountain O
of O
songs. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.37  At O
that O
point O
Greece O
now O
projects O
very O
much O
on O
a O
grand O
scale. O
As O
far O
as O
it O
borders O
on O
the Myrtoan O
Sea B-LOC
Greece O
extending O
from O
north B-LOC
to O
south B-LOC
faces I-LOC
the O
sunrise O
over O
the Aegean's O
waves B-LOC
and O
sunset O
over O
those O
of B-LOC
the Ionian O
Sea. O
Also O
the O
land O
quite B-LOC
wide O
at O
first O
and O
called Hellas O
goes O
forward O
with O
a O
considerable O
coastline; O
then O
it O
is O
virtually O
cut O
more O
or O
less O
in O
half O
as O
both O
seas O
— O
but O
the Ionian O
Sea more O
— O
invade O
its O
lateral O
coastlines O
to O
the O
point O
that Hellas is B-LOC
four O
miles O
wide. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.38  From O
there O
again B-LOC
with O
the O
land O
mass O
widening O
both O
to O
the O
near O
and O
the O
far O
side O
and O
going O
farther O
down O
into O
the O
sea O
Greece O
is O
not O
as B-LOC
wide I-LOC
as I-LOC
it O
had O
begun O
but O
nevertheless O
it O
is O
of O
great O
size O
again O
and O
extends O
as B-LOC
a I-LOC
virtual I-LOC
peninsula. O
It O
is O
called O
the Peloponnesos O
and O
at O
the O
same B-LOC
time O
because O
of O
the O
bays O
and O
promontories O
by O
which O
it O
is O
incised O
as O
if O
by O
veins O
it O
is O
similar O
to O
the O
leaf O
of O
a O
plane O
tree O
because O
it O
spreads O
rather O
widely O
from O
a O
slender O
stem. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.39  After Macedonia O
first O
comes Thessaly O
and O
after O
it Magnesia O
 Phthiotis O
 Doris O
 Locris O
 Phocis O
 Boeotia O
 Atthis O
and B-LOC
the Megarid; O
but O
most O
famous O
of O
all O
is Atthis. O
In O
the Peloponnesos are Argolis O
Laconice O
 Messenia O
 Achaian Elis O
and Arcadia; O
farther O
on O
are Aitolia O
 Acarnania O
and Epiros O
all O
the O
way O
to O
the Adriatic. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA B-LOC
§ O
2.40  Of O
the O
places O
and O
cities O
that O
the B-LOC
sea I-LOC
does O
not O
wash O
up O
on O
the O
following O
are O
the O
ones O
especially O
worth O
remembering O
in Thessaly nowadays Larissa is O
best O
known O
but O
in O
the O
old O
days Iolcos was; O
in Magnesia O
 Antronia; O
in Phthiotis O
 Phthia; O
[...]; O
in Locris O
 Cynos and Calliaros; O
in Phocis O
 Delphi O
Mt. Parnassos O
and O
both O
the O
shrine O
and O
the O
oracle O
of Apollo; O
in Boeotia O
 Thebes and O
Mt. Cithaeron O
which O
is O
celebrated O
in O
song O
and O
legend. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.41  In Atthis O
 Eleusis O
which O
is O
sacred O
to Ceres B-LOC
and Athens O
more O
famous O
than O
needs O
to O
be O
pointed O
out; O
in O
the O
Megarid O
 Megara O
from O
which O
the O
region O
takes O
its O
name; O
likewise O
in O
the Argolid O
 Argos O
along O
with Mycenae and O
the temple of Juno O
which O
is O
very O
famous O
for O
its O
antiquity O
and O
for O
its O
cult; O
in Laconice O
 Therapnae O
 Lacedemon O
 Amyclae O
and O
Mt. Taygetus; O
in Messenia O
 Messenia and Methone. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.42  In Achaia and Elis O
once O
the Pisa of Oinomaus O
 Elis O
still O
famous O
today O
and O
the O
shrine O
of Olympian O
Jupiter O
known O
mainly O
in O
fact O
for O
its O
athletic O
competition O
and O
unique O
inviolability O
but O
also O
for O
the O
actual statue that O
is O
the O
work O
of Phidias. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.43  The Peloponnesian peoples B-LOC
ring Arcadia on O
all B-LOC
sides; B-LOC
in Arcadia are B-LOC
the O
cities O
of Psophis O
 Tegea O
and Orchomenos O
along O
with O
Mt Pholoe O
Mt. Cyllene O
Mt. Parthenius O
and O
Mt. Maenalus and B-LOC
the Erymanthus and Ladon Rivers; O
in Aitolia O
the B-LOC
town I-LOC
of Naupactos; B-LOC
in Acarnania B-LOC
that O
of Stratos; O
in Epirus O
the temple of Jupiter Dodonaeus O
and O
likewise O
the O
sacred O
spring. O
Although O
this O
spring O
is O
cold O
and O
although O
like O
all O
other O
springs O
it O
extinguishes O
burning B-LOC
torches O
that O
are O
immersed O
in O
it O
it O
lights O
them O
up O
again O
when O
from O
afar B-LOC
they I-LOC
are B-LOC
moved I-LOC
unlit O
toward B-LOC
it. B-LOC
Event I-LOC
Date O
1 LA O
§ B-LOC
2.44  When I-LOC
however O
one B-LOC
coasts O
along O
the B-LOC
shores I-LOC
the O
course O
after O
Point Sepias lies O
beside Demetrias O
 Halos O
 Pteleon O
and Echinos O
to O
the Gulf O
of O
Pagasa. O
That O
gulf O
embracing O
the O
city O
of Pagasae O
takes O
in O
the Sperchios River O
and O
is B-LOC
remembered I-LOC
because O
the Minyans launched O
the Argo from O
there O
when O
they O
left O
for Colchis. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.45  The O
following O
places O
must O
first O
be O
passed O
by O
those O
sailing B-LOC
from B-LOC
there O
to Sounion O
the B-LOC
sizable O
Gulf O
of Malia and O
equally O
sizable Opuntian Gulf O
and O
on O
these O
gulfs O
the O
monument O
to O
the Laconian war O
dead; Thermopylae B-LOC
 Opous O
 Scarphia B-LOC
 Cnemides O
 Alope B-LOC
 Anthedon O
 Larumna B-LOC
and Aulis O
the O
camp O
of Agamemnon's O
fleet O
and O
the O
Greeks O
who O
swore O
allegiance O
against Troy; Marathon O
the O
witness O
of O
numerous O
heroic O
acts O
right O
from Theseus on O
but O
especially O
known O
for O
the O
slaughter O
of O
the Persians; O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.46  Rhamnus O
small O
but O
still O
renowned O
because O
in O
it O
is O
the shrine of Amphiaraus and O
the Nemesis by O
Phidias; O
then Thoricos and Brauronia O
once O
cities O
now B-LOC
mere I-LOC
names. Sounion is B-LOC
a B-LOC
promontory O
and O
terminates B-LOC
the O
coast B-LOC
of Hellas that O
faces O
east. O
Event B-LOC
Date O
1 LA O
§ B-LOC
2.47  From I-LOC
there B-LOC
the O
land O
mass O
rotates O
to O
face O
south O
and B-LOC
goes I-LOC
back O
up B-LOC
as I-LOC
far O
as Megara; O
the B-LOC
land O
lies O
now O
with O
its O
front O
to O
the O
sea O
the O
same O
way O
it O
did O
previously O
with O
its O
side. Piraeus O
 Athens' O
port O
is O
there O
as O
well O
as O
the Scironian Rocks O
infamous O
once O
upon O
a O
time O
(and O
even O
today) O
for Sciron's O
savage O
hospitality. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.48  Megara's O
territory O
runs O
up O
to O
the Isthmos O
which O
gets O
its O
name O
because O
the Aegean O
Sea O
being O
at O
a O
remove O
of O
four O
miles O
from O
the Ionian O
Sea O
ties B-LOC
the Peloponnesos to Hellas by I-LOC
a O
narrow O
neck O
of O
land. O
On O
it O
is O
the O
town O
of Cenchreae; O
a temple of Neptune O
which O
is B-LOC
renowned I-LOC
because O
of O
the O
so O
called Isthmian Games; O
and Corinth O
a O
city O
once O
famous O
for O
its O
wealth O
better O
known O
later O
for O
its O
destruction O
and O
now O
a O
Roman O
colony. Corinth has O
a O
view O
of O
both O
seas O
from O
the O
peak O
of O
the O
acropolis O
they O
call Acrocorinth. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.49  Bays O
and O
promontories O
mangle O
the O
coast O
of O
the Peloponnesos O
as O
we O
have B-LOC
noted I-LOC
from O
the B-LOC
east B-LOC
 Bucephalos I-LOC
Chersonessus B-LOC
and Scyllaeon; B-LOC
to O
the O
south B-LOC
 Malea O
 Taenaros O
 Acritas O
and Ichthys; O
to O
the O
west O
 Chelonates and Araxos. O
The Epidaurians and Troezenians live O
between O
the Isthmos and Scyllaeon. O
The Epidaurians are O
famous O
for O
the temple of Aesculapius O
the Troezenians glorious O
for B-LOC
their I-LOC
loyalty O
to O
an O
alliance O
with Athens. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.50  The Saronic Gulf O
and O
the O
Gulfs O
of Schoenos and Pogon are O
located B-LOC
there O
but O
on O
their O
shores O
are O
the B-LOC
towns I-LOC
of Epidaurus O
 Troezene O
and Hermione. O
Between Scyllaeon and Malea is O
the O
so O
called O
Gulf O
of Argolis; O
between Malea and Taenaros O
the Laconian Gulf; O
between Taenaros and Akritas O
the Gulf of Asine; O
between Akritas and Ichthys O
the O
Gulf O
of O
Cyparissos O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.51  On O
the Argolic O
Gulf are O
the O
well O
known Erasinus and Inachus Rivers O
and O
the O
well O
known O
town O
of Lerna; O
on O
the Laconian Gulf O
are Gythium and O
the Eurotas; O
on O
Cape Taenaros itself O
is O
a O
temple O
and O
a O
cave O
of Neptune O
similar O
in O
appearance O
and O
legend O
to B-LOC
what O
we O
called O
the Acherusian Cave O
on O
the Pontus O
in O
the Gulf of Asine is O
the Pamisus O
River; O
on O
the O
Gulf O
of O
Cyparissos O
is O
the Alpheus River. O
A O
city O
located O
on O
the O
shore O
gave O
its O
name O
to O
these O
gulfs O
— Cyparissos to O
the O
latter O
 Asine to O
the O
former. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.52  The Messenians and Pylians till O
the O
land O
and Pylos actually O
lies O
beside O
the B-LOC
sea. Cyllene O
Callipolis O
and Patrae occupy O
that O
shore O
where O
the Chelonates and Araxos Rivers O
have O
their O
outlets O
but Cyllene is O
distinguished O
because O
they O
think Mercury was O
born O
there. O
After O
that O
the Rhion — O
that B-LOC
is B-LOC
the I-LOC
sea's I-LOC
name O
there B-LOC
— I-LOC
cuts O
by O
means O
of O
a B-LOC
narrow I-LOC
passage O
like B-LOC
a I-LOC
strait O
into B-LOC
the O
side O
of O
the O
remaining B-LOC
shoreline O
and O
breaks O
in O
between O
the Aitolians and O
the Peloponnesians as O
far O
as O
the Isthmos. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.53  There O
the Peloponnesian littoral O
starts O
to O
face O
north. O
On O
these O
shores O
are Aegion O
 Aegira O
 Olyros O
and Sikyon O
but O
on O
the O
opposite O
shores B-LOC
are Pagae O
 Creusis O
 Anticyra O
 Oianthia O
 Cirrha O
 Calydon (somewhat O
better O
known O
by O
name) O
and Evenos beyond Rhion. O
In Acarnania O
which O
is O
especially O
famous B-LOC
are B-LOC
the I-LOC
town O
of Leucas and O
the Achelous River. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.54  In Epiros nothing O
is O
better O
known B-LOC
than O
the Ambracian B-LOC
Gulf. O
The O
gulf O
which O
lets B-LOC
in I-LOC
a O
great O
sea O
through O
its O
narrow B-LOC
jaws I-LOC
(less O
than O
a O
mile O
wide) O
makes O
it O
well O
known O
as O
do O
the O
cities O
that O
line B-LOC
its I-LOC
shore O
— Actium B-LOC
the Amphilochian Argives O
and Ambracia O
the O
royal O
seat O
of O
the Aeacids and O
of Pyrrhus in O
particular. O
Beyond O
is Butroton O
then O
the Ceraunian Mountains O
and O
after O
these O
places O
a O
bend O
toward O
the Adriatic. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.55  The Adriatic Sea O
is O
formed O
by B-LOC
a O
great O
retraction B-LOC
of O
the O
littoral O
and O
in O
fact O
covers O
a O
considerable B-LOC
breadth O
although O
it O
reaches O
considerably O
farther O
in. O
It O
is O
surrounded O
by B-LOC
Illyric O
peoples O
as B-LOC
far O
as Tergeste O
but O
then O
by O
the O
Gallic O
and O
Italic O
peoples. O
The Partheni and Dasaretae occupy O
its O
first O
places; O
the Taulantii O
 Encheleae B-LOC
and Phaeaces occupy B-LOC
what O
follows. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ B-LOC
2.56  After I-LOC
that B-LOC
come O
the Illyrii proper O
then O
the O
Piraeans O
 Liburnians O
and Istria. O
The O
first O
city O
is Oricum O
the O
second Dyrrachium O
where Epidamnus used O
to O
be. O
(The O
Romans O
changed O
the O
name O
because O
travelers O
headed O
there O
thought O
of O
the O
name O
as O
an O
omen O
as O
if O
they O
were O
going O
"to O
damnation.") O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.57  Farther O
on O
are Apollonia O
 Salona O
 Iader O
 Narona O
 Tragurium O
the O
Gulf O
of Pola O
and Pola O
which O
was O
once O
inhabited O
as O
they O
tell O
it O
by Colchians. O
How O
much B-LOC
things O
change! O
Now Pola is B-LOC
a O
Roman O
colony. O
Moreover O
the B-LOC
rivers I-LOC
are B-LOC
the Aeas O
the O
Nar B-LOC
and I-LOC
the O
Danube O
(which B-LOC
here O
is O
called O
the Ister); O
but O
the Aeas comes O
after Apollonia O
and O
the O
Nar O
comes O
between O
the O
Piraeans O
and O
the Liburnians O
while O
the Ister runs O
through O
the O
territory O
of O
the Istrians. Tergeste O
located O
in O
the O
deepest O
part O
of B-LOC
the Adriatic Gulf I-LOC
is O
the O
boundary O
of Illyricum. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.58  ITALY O
About Italy a O
few O
things O
will O
be O
said O
more O
because O
the O
order O
requires O
it O
than O
because B-LOC
it O
needs O
to O
be O
described. O
All O
its O
places O
are O
well O
known. O
From O
the Alps it O
begins O
its O
extension O
into O
the O
sea O
and O
as B-LOC
it I-LOC
proceeds O
it O
is B-LOC
elevated I-LOC
down O
the O
middle O
by O
the O
continuous O
ridge O
of O
the Apennines. Italy runs O
down O
solid O
for O
a O
long O
time O
between O
the Adriatic and Tuscan Seas O
(also O
known O
as O
the O
Upper O
and O
Lower O
Seas). O
But O
when O
it O
is O
far O
removed O
from O
its O
beginning O
it O
divides O
into O
two O
horns O
and O
it O
looks O
off O
toward O
the Sicilian Sea O
with O
one O
horn O
toward O
the Ionian O
Sea with O
the O
other. Italy as O
a O
whole O
is O
narrow O
and O
in O
some O
places O
much O
narrower O
than O
where O
it O
had O
begun. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.59  Various O
peoples O
cultivate O
its O
interior. O
The Carni and Veneti cultivate O
the O
left O
part O
up O
to O
Gallia Togata; O
then O
come O
Italic O
peoples B-LOC
— Picentines O
 Frentani B-LOC
 Dauni O
 Apulians O
 Calabri O
and Sallentines. O
To O
the O
right O
at O
the O
foot O
of O
the Alps O
are O
the Ligurians; O
at O
the O
foot O
of O
the Apennines O
 Etruria; O
after O
that O
 Latium O
the Volsci O
 Campania O
and O
below Lucania O
the Bruttii. O
Event O
Date B-LOC
1 LA B-LOC
§ O
2.60  Of B-PER
the B-LOC
cities I-LOC
that O
are O
inhabited O
far O
from O
the O
sea O
the O
wealthiest O
are O
to O
the O
left O
side O
 Antenor's Patavium O
 Mutina O
and Bononia O
colonies O
of O
the Romans; O
to O
the O
right O
 Capua O
founded O
by B-LOC
the Tuscans I-LOC
and Rome O
long O
ago O
founded O
by O
shepherds O
now O
a O
second O
book O
in O
itself O
if O
there O
is O
to O
be O
discussion O
on O
the O
topic. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.61  On O
the O
shores O
by O
contrast O
 Concordia is O
next O
after Tergeste. O
Between O
them O
flows B-LOC
the Timavus O
which O
rises O
from O
nine O
heads O
but O
debouches O
through O
a O
single O
mouth. B-LOC
Then O
not O
far O
from O
the O
sea O
the O
Natiso O
River O
runs O
beside O
rich Aquileia. O
Farther O
on O
is Altinum. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.62  The Padus occupies O
the O
upper O
coast O
over O
a O
considerable O
expanse. O
In O
fact O
where O
it O
rises O
from O
the O
very O
roots O
of O
Mt. Vesulus O
it O
first O
gathers O
itself O
from O
small O
springs O
and O
is O
somewhat O
scant O
and O
meager. O
Then O
the O
river O
increases O
and O
is O
fed O
by O
other O
rivers O
so O
much O
that O
at O
the O
end O
it O
lets O
into O
the O
sea O
through O
seven O
mouths. O
One O
of O
these O
mouths O
they O
call O
the O
Great Padus. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.63  Once O
it O
begins O
the O
river O
rushes O
forward O
with O
such O
speed O
that O
for O
a O
long O
time O
it B-LOC
drives I-LOC
with O
waves O
breaking O
the O
same O
waters O
it O
began O
with O
and O
preserves O
its O
own O
bed O
even O
in O
the O
sea O
until O
the Ister River O
flowing O
in O
with O
the O
same O
force O
from O
the O
opposite O
shore O
of Istria O
meets O
it. O
Because O
of O
this O
phenomenon O
for O
those O
sailing O
through O
that O
vicinity O
where O
the O
rivers O
meet O
from O
both O
sides O
a O
drink O
of O
fresh O
water O
is O
possible O
in O
the O
midst O
of O
salty O
sea. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.64  The O
route O
from O
the Padus to Ancona crosses Ravenna O
 Ariminum O
 Pisaurum O
the O
colony O
of Fanum O
the Metaurus River O
and O
the Aesis River. O
And O
in O
fact O
the O
terminus O
sits O
in O
the O
narrow O
joint O
— O
like O
a O
bent O
elbow O
— O
of O
those O
two O
famous O
promontories O
that O
meet B-LOC
there I-LOC
from B-LOC
opposite O
sides B-LOC
and O
thus O
it O
was O
called O
Ancon O
by O
the O
Greeks; Ancona lies O
between O
the O
Gallic O
and O
Italic O
peoples O
like O
a O
boundary O
stone. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.65  The O
shores O
of Picenum welcome O
travelers O
beyond O
this O
point. O
On O
these O
shores O
are O
the O
cities O
of Numana O
 Potentia O
Cluana O
and Cupra and O
moreover O
the O
strongholds O
of Firmum B-LOC
 Adria O
and Truentinum (the O
adjacent O
river O
is O
also O
its O
namesake). O
After O
that O
the Frentani hold O
the B-LOC
mouths O
of O
the O
Matrinus O
and Aternus Rivers O
as O
well O
as B-LOC
the I-LOC
cities O
of Buca and O
Histonium. O
The Daunians B-LOC
however O
have O
the Tifernus River O
and O
the O
towns O
of O
Cliternia O
 Larinum O
and Teanum O
as O
well O
as O
Mt. Garganus. O
Event B-LOC
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.66  A O
bay O
by O
the O
name O
of O
Urias O
moderate O
in O
size O
but O
often O
harsh O
of O
access O
is O
surrounded O
by O
the O
continuous Apulian shore. O
It O
is O
above O
both Sipontum — O
or O
as O
the O
Greeks O
said O
Sipiuntum O
— O
and O
the O
river O
contiguous O
with Canusium O
the Aufidus as O
they O
call O
it; O
after O
that O
are Barium O
 Gnatia O
and Rudiae O
renowned O
for Ennius; O
and O
at O
this O
point O
in Calabria are Brundisium O
Valetium O
 Lupiae O
and O
Mt. Hydrus O
then O
the O
Sallentine O
Fields O
the O
coast O
of O
Sallentum O
and O
the O
Greek O
city Callipolis. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.67  The Adriatic reaches O
this O
far; O
so O
does O
one O
side O
of Italy. O
Its O
coast O
line O
breaks O
into O
two O
horns O
in O
fact O
as O
we O
have O
said. O
It O
lets O
the O
sea O
enter O
between O
both O
horns O
however O
and O
divides O
it O
several O
times O
by O
slender O
promontories. O
The O
coast O
does O
not O
go O
around O
then O
with O
a O
uniform O
edge O
and B-LOC
it I-LOC
receives O
the B-LOC
sea B-LOC
not I-LOC
spread O
out O
and O
wide O
open O
but O
in B-LOC
bays. I-LOC
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ B-LOC
2.68  The O
first O
one O
is O
called O
the Tarentine Gulf O
of O
Tarentum O
between O
the O
promontory O
of O
the Salentines and O
Point Lacinium O
and O
on O
it O
are Tarentus O
 Metapontum O
 Heraclea O
 Croton O
and Thurium. B-LOC
Second O
is O
the O
Bay O
of O
Scyllaceum O
between O
Point Lacinium and Zephyr Point O
and O
on O
this O
bay O
is Petelia O
 Carcinus O
 Scyllaceum O
and B-LOC
Mystiae. I-LOC
The O
third O
one O
between Zephyr Point O
and Bruttium O
passes O
around Bruttium O
 Consentia O
 Caulonia O
and Locri. O
In Bruttium are Columna Rhegia O
 Rhegium O
 Scylla B-LOC
Taurianum O
and Metaurum. B-LOC
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.69  From O
here O
there O
is O
a O
bend O
to O
the Tuscan Sea O
and O
the O
second O
side B-LOC
of I-LOC
the O
same B-LOC
land. I-LOC
On O
this O
side O
of Italy are Medma O
 Hipponium (or Vibo) B-LOC
 Temesa O
 Clampetia O
 Blanda O
 Buxentum O
 Velia O
 Palinurus (once O
the B-LOC
name I-LOC
of O
a Trojan helmsman B-LOC
now O
the O
name O
of O
a B-LOC
place) I-LOC
the O
Paestan O
Gulf O
the O
town O
of Paestum O
the O
Silerus O
River B-LOC
 Picentia O
the O
Petrae O
(rocks) O
which O
the Sirens once O
inhabited O
the promontory of Minerva — O
all O
places O
in Lucania; O
Event B-LOC
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.70  then O
the O
Bay O
of Puteoli O
 Syrrentum O
 Herculaneum O
a O
view B-LOC
of I-LOC
Mt. Vesuvius O
 Pompeii O
 Neapolis O
 Puteoli O
the Lucrine O
Lake and Avernus B-LOC
 Baiae B-LOC
 Misenum (the O
name O
of O
a O
place O
now O
but O
once B-LOC
the I-LOC
name O
of B-LOC
a Phrygian soldier) I-LOC
 Cumae B-LOC
 Liternum O
the Volturnus River O
the O
town O
of O
Volturnum O
— O
the O
lovely B-LOC
shores O
of Campania; O
Event O
Date B-LOC
1 LA O
§ O
2.71  then Sinoessa O
the Liris River O
 Minturnae O
 Formiae O
 Fundi O
 Tarracina O
 Circeia (once O
the O
home O
of Circe) O
 Antium O
Aphrodisium O
 Ardea O
 Laurentum O
and Ostia on O
the O
near O
side O
of O
the Tiber. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.72  Above O
it O
are Pyrgi O
the O
Minio O
River O
 Castrum O
Novum O
 Graviscae O
 Cosa O
 Telamon O
 Populonia O
the Caecina River O
and Pisae — Etruscan localities O
and O
rivers; O
after O
that O
comes O
what O
belongs O
to O
the Ligurians O
 Luna O
Tigula O
 Genua O
Sabatia O
and Albingaunum; O
then O
come O
the O
rivers O
Paulo O
and Varum O
both O
descending O
from O
the Alps O
but O
the Varum somewhat O
better B-LOC
known O
because B-LOC
it B-LOC
marks O
the B-LOC
boundary I-LOC
of Italy. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.73  The Alps themselves O
spread O
over O
a O
considerable O
expanse O
from O
these O
shores O
and O
run O
in O
a O
long O
stretch O
first O
to O
the O
north; O
then O
after O
they O
have O
reached Germany O
they O
go O
forth O
with O
an O
eastward O
thrust; O
and O
after O
dividing O
savage B-LOC
peoples O
from O
one O
another B-LOC
they B-LOC
penetrate I-LOC
all O
the O
way B-LOC
to Thrace. I-LOC
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.74  GAUL O
Gaul O
which O
is O
divided O
by O
Lake Lemannus and O
the O
Cebennici O
Mountains O
into O
two O
parts O
and O
which O
abuts O
the Tuscan Sea O
on B-LOC
one O
side O
the O
Ocean B-LOC
on O
the B-LOC
other I-LOC
reaches B-LOC
all B-LOC
the I-LOC
way O
to B-LOC
the Pyrenees from O
the Varum River O
on O
this O
side O
and O
from O
the Rhenus on O
the O
far O
side. O
The O
part O
located O
beside O
Our B-LOC
Sea O
— O
it B-LOC
was I-LOC
once O
Gallia O
Bracata B-LOC
now O
it O
is O
Gallia O
Narbonensis O
— O
is O
more O
cultivated O
and O
more O
plentifully O
sown O
and O
therefore O
also O
more B-LOC
productive. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.75  The O
wealthiest O
of B-LOC
the I-LOC
cities I-LOC
are Vasio (belonging B-LOC
to O
the Vocontii) O
 Vienne (the Allobroges) B-LOC
 Avennio (the Cavares) O
 Nemausus (the Arecomici) O
 Tolosa (the Tectosages) O
 Arausio (the O
veterans O
of O
Legion O
II) O
 Arelate (the O
veterans O
of O
Legion O
VI) O
and Beterrae (the O
veterans O
of O
Legion O
VII). O
The O
colony O
however O
of O
the O
Atacini O
and O
of O
the O
veterans O
of O
Legion O
X O
(who O
once O
brought O
help O
to O
these O
lands) O
leads O
the O
pack O
and O
is O
now O
an O
honored O
name O
 Martius Narbo. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.76  On O
the O
littoral O
there O
are O
a O
number O
of O
places O
with O
names O
but O
cities O
are O
rare O
because O
harbors O
are O
rare. O
The O
whole O
strip O
is O
exposed O
to O
the O
south O
wind O
and O
to O
the O
Southwest O
wind. Nicaea is O
immediately O
next O
to O
the Alps; O
so O
is O
the O
town O
of O
the Deciates and O
also Antipolis. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.77  Then O
comes Forum O
Iulii O
a O
colony O
of O
veterans O
from O
Legion O
VIII; O
and O
at O
that O
point O
after O
Athenopolis O
 Olbia O
 Taurois  O
and Citharistes comes O
Lacydon O
the O
port O
of Massilia O
on O
which O
is Massilia itself. O
This O
last O
city O
originated O
with Phocaeans O
was O
long O
ago O
founded O
among O
violent O
peoples O
but O
now O
borders O
on O
peoples O
as O
different O
as O
they O
are O
peaceful. O
It O
is O
amazing O
how O
easily O
these Phocaeans took O
up O
a O
foreign O
abode O
in O
those O
days O
yet O
still O
maintain O
their O
own O
tradition. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.78  Between O
it O
and O
the Rhodanus O
 Maritima Avaticorum O
sits O
beside O
a O
marsh O
and O
the O
Marian O
Canal O
empties O
part O
of O
its O
river O
into O
the O
sea O
by O
means O
of O
a O
navigable O
channel. O
In O
general O
the O
shore O
Litus O
Lapideum O
as O
they O
call O
it O
is O
undistinguished. O
Here O
they O
report O
while Hercules was O
fighting Alebion and Dercynus O
the O
sons O
of Neptune O
and O
when O
his O
arrows O
had O
run O
out O
he O
was O
helped O
by O
a O
rain O
of O
rocks O
at O
the O
hands O
of Jupiter O
whom O
he O
had O
invoked. O
You O
would O
believe O
that O
it O
had O
rained O
rocks O
— O
so O
numerously O
and O
so O
widely O
do O
they O
lie O
scattered O
all O
over! O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.79  The Rhodanus rises O
not O
far O
from O
the O
sources O
of O
the Ister and O
the Rhenus. O
It O
is O
then O
received O
by O
Lake Lemannus O
retains O
its O
force O
keeps O
itself O
intact O
through O
the O
middle O
of O
the O
lake O
and O
emerges O
as O
powerful O
as O
it O
arrived. O
Then O
on O
the O
opposite O
side O
heading O
to O
the O
west O
the O
river O
divides O
the O
Gauls O
for O
some O
distance; O
and O
later O
with O
its O
course O
drawn O
southward O
it O
enters O
Gallia O
Narbonensis. O
At O
this O
point O
it O
is O
voluminous O
and O
it O
is O
now O
and O
then O
even O
more O
voluminous O
from O
the O
entrance O
of O
other O
rivers; O
and O
it O
debouches O
between O
the Volcan and Cavaran peoples. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.80  Farther O
on O
are O
the O
marshes O
of O
the Volci O
the O
Ledum O
River O
the O
fort O
of O
Latara O
and O
Mesua O
Hill O
which O
is O
surrounded O
almost O
completely O
by O
the O
sea O
an O
island O
except O
where O
it O
is O
tied O
to O
the O
continent O
by O
a O
narrow O
mound. O
Then O
descending O
from O
the O
Cebennae O
Mountains O
the O
Arauris O
flows O
beside Agatha O
the O
Orbis O
beside Beterrae. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.81  The O
Atax O
descending O
from O
the Pyrenees O
is O
slight O
and O
shallow O
wherever O
it O
comes O
with O
its O
original O
waters. O
At O
this O
point O
it O
retains O
its O
otherwise O
huge O
bed O
but O
is O
never O
navigable O
except O
when O
it O
reaches Narbo. O
When O
it O
is O
swollen O
from O
winter O
storms O
however O
this O
river O
routinely O
rises O
so O
high O
that O
it O
actually O
cannot O
contain O
itself. O
Lake O
Rubraesus O
relatively O
spacious O
but O
slight O
of O
access O
where O
it O
lets O
the O
sea O
in O
becomes O
the O
river O
basin. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.82  Farther O
on O
is O
Leucata O
(the O
name O
of O
the O
coast) O
and O
the O
spring O
of O
Salsula O
which O
flows O
down O
with O
waters O
that O
are O
not O
sweet O
but O
saltier O
than O
the O
sea's. O
Beside O
Salsula O
is O
a O
plain O
that O
is O
bright O
green O
from O
a O
slight O
and O
slender O
marsh O
grass O
but O
supported O
atop O
the O
swamp O
that O
passes O
under O
it. O
Its O
middle O
section O
makes O
that O
clear O
since O
it O
is O
cut O
off O
from O
the O
surrounding O
parts O
floats O
like O
an O
island O
and O
allows O
itself O
to O
be O
driven O
and O
pulled. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.83  What O
is O
more O
indeed O
where O
these O
surrounding O
parts O
are O
dug O
all O
the O
way O
through O
to O
the O
bottom O
the O
sea O
is O
revealed O
because O
it O
rises O
up O
from O
below. O
As O
a O
result O
Greek O
writers O
and O
even O
our O
own O
thought O
it O
right O
either O
from O
ignorance O
of O
the O
truth O
or O
else O
from O
the O
pleasure O
of O
lying O
(even O
for O
sensible O
writers) O
to O
pass O
on O
to O
posterity O
the O
story O
that O
in O
this O
region O
a O
fish O
was O
pulled O
from O
deep O
within O
the O
earth O
because O
after O
the O
fish O
had O
penetrated O
from O
the O
sea O
to O
this O
place O
it O
was O
killed O
by O
a O
blow O
from O
its O
captors O
and O
brought O
up O
through O
those O
holes. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.84  Next O
is O
the O
coast O
of O
the O
Sordones O
and O
the O
small O
Telis O
and O
Ticis O
Rivers O
(both O
quite O
violent O
when O
swollen) O
the O
colony O
of Ruscino O
and O
the O
village O
of O
Eliberrae O
which O
is O
the O
slender O
vestige O
of O
a O
once O
great O
city O
and O
its O
once O
great O
wealth. O
Then O
between O
spurs O
of O
the Pyrenees O
come O
the O
saltless Port O
Venus and O
the O
district O
of O
Cervaria O
the O
boundary O
of O
Gaul. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.85  SPAIN O
The Pyrenees O
to O
begin O
with O
extend O
from O
here O
to O
the O
Britannic O
Ocean. O
Then O
after O
shifting O
direction O
the O
range O
bursts O
into O
the O
lands O
of O
Spain O
and O
excluded O
from O
its O
smaller O
division O
to O
the O
right O
it O
protracts O
its O
continuous O
sides O
in O
an O
uninterrupted O
path O
until O
it O
reaches O
the O
western O
shores O
after O
going O
across O
the O
entire O
province O
in O
a O
single O
dividing O
line. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.86  Spain O
actually O
is O
girt O
by O
the O
sea O
except O
where O
it O
is O
contiguous O
with O
Gaul O
and O
it O
is O
especially O
narrow O
at O
the O
places O
of O
contact. O
Spain O
extends O
gradually O
into O
Our O
Sea O
and O
Ocean O
and O
becoming O
increasingly O
wider O
the O
farther O
west O
it O
goes O
it O
becomes O
widest O
right O
there. O
Spain O
is O
also O
teeming O
with O
men O
 horses O
iron O
lead O
copper O
silver O
and O
gold O
and O
it O
is O
so O
fertile O
that O
wherever O
it O
changes O
and O
is O
barren O
for O
lack O
of O
water O
it O
still O
supports O
flax O
or O
esparto. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.87  It O
is O
however O
distinguished O
by O
three O
names. O
Part O
of O
it O
is O
called O
Tarraconensis O
part Baetica O
and O
part Lusitania. O
Tarraconensis O
borders O
on O
the O
Gauls O
at O
one O
extreme O
on Baetica and Lusitania at O
the O
other. O
Where O
it O
looks O
south O
it O
thrusts O
its O
sides O
along O
Our O
Sea; O
where O
it O
looks O
north O
along O
Ocean. O
The Anas River O
separates O
the O
other O
two O
regions O
there O
and O
thus Baetica faces O
both O
seas O
— O
the Atlantic to O
the O
west O
Our O
Sea O
to O
the O
south O
— O
while Lusitania is O
situated O
only O
along O
the Atlantic O
but O
with O
its O
lateral O
extension O
to O
the O
north O
its O
front O
to O
the O
west. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.88  The O
most O
renowned O
of O
the O
inland O
cities O
in O
Tarraconensis O
were Palantia and Numantia (nowadays O
it O
is Caesaraugusta); O
in Lusitania O
 Emerita; O
and O
in Baetica O
 Astigi O
 Hispalis O
and Corduba. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.89  If O
however O
you O
coast O
along O
the O
shores O
right O
after O
Cervaria O
comes O
the O
cliff O
that O
thrusts O
the Pyrenees out O
into O
the O
sea O
next O
the O
Ticis O
River O
near Rhoda O
next O
Clodianum O
near Emporiae O
and O
then O
Mt. Jupiter. O
They O
call O
its O
western O
face O
the O
Stairs O
of Hannibal O
because O
outcroppings O
of O
cliffs O
rise O
up O
from O
below O
stepwise O
between O
small O
spaces. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.90  Then O
near Tarraco O
are O
the O
small O
towns O
of Blande O
 Iluro O
 Baetulo O
 Barcino O
 Subur O
and O
Tolobi; O
small O
rivers O
the O
Baetulo O
beside O
Mt. Jupiter O
the Rubricatum on O
the O
shore O
of Barcino O
and O
the O
Maius O
between Subur and O
Tolobi. Tarraco is O
the O
city O
on O
these O
shores O
that O
is O
wealthiest O
in O
maritime O
resources. O
The O
moderate O
Tulcis O
River O
runs O
beside O
it O
and O
on O
the O
farther O
side O
the O
mighty Hiberus runs O
beside Dertosa. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.91  From O
there O
the O
sea O
winds O
its O
way O
into O
the O
land O
and O
then O
as O
soon O
as O
it O
is O
let O
in O
with O
a O
great O
sweep O
it O
is O
divided O
into O
two O
bays O
by O
the O
promontory O
they O
call O
Ferraria. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.92  The O
first O
is O
called O
the O
Bay O
of Sucro. O
It O
is O
the O
larger O
one O
and O
admits O
the O
sea O
with O
quite O
a O
large O
mouth O
but O
the O
farther O
one O
enters O
it O
the O
narrower O
it O
gets. O
This O
bay O
takes O
in O
the O
unimportant O
Sorobis O
Turia O
and Sucro Rivers. O
It O
includes O
some O
cities O
too O
in O
fact O
but O
the O
best O
known O
are Valentia and O
that O
famous O
city O
 Saguntum O
which O
is O
renowned O
for O
its O
loyalty O
as O
well O
as O
its O
troubles. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.93  Next O
the O
Bay O
of O
Ilice O
holds Allo O
 Lucentia O
and Ilice (whence O
its O
name). O
Here O
now B-LOC
the I-LOC
land O
goes O
farther O
into O
the O
sea O
and O
makes O
Spain O
broader O
than O
it O
had O
been. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.94  At O
the O
same O
time O
though O
from O
the O
places O
mentioned O
in O
this O
vicinity O
to O
the O
starting O
point O
of Baetica O
nothing O
needs O
to O
be O
reported O
except Carthage O
which O
the Carthaginian general Hasdrubal founded. O
On Baetica's O
coast O
there O
are O
obscure O
towns O
of O
which O
mention O
is O
relevant O
only O
for O
proper O
sequence. O
There O
is O
Urei O
on O
the O
Bay O
of O
Urei O
as O
they O
call O
it; O
outside O
the O
bay O
are Abdera O
Suel O
 Ex O
 Maenoba O
 Malaca O
 Salduba O
 Lacippo O
and O
Barbesula. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.95  Then O
the O
sea O
becomes O
very O
narrow O
and O
mountains O
constitute O
the O
closest O
shores O
between O
Europe O
and O
Africa. O
The Pillars O
of O
Hercules O
as O
we O
said O
at O
the O
beginning O
Abila O
and O
Calpes O
each O
jut O
into O
the O
sea O
in O
fact O
but O
Calpes O
more O
so O
and O
almost O
totally. O
Calpes O
is O
hollowed O
out O
to O
an O
amazing O
degree O
and O
on O
its O
western O
face O
its O
side O
opens O
more O
or O
less O
halfway. O
From O
there O
for O
those O
who O
enter O
the O
whole O
grotto O
is O
reasonably O
passable O
for O
almost O
its O
whole O
width. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.96  There O
is O
a O
bay O
beyond O
that O
point O
and O
on O
it O
is Carteia. Carteia O
some O
think O
used O
to O
be Tartessos. O
Tingentera O
which Phoenicians who O
crossed O
from O
Africa O
still O
inhabit O
— O
and O
where O
we're O
from O
too O
— O
is O
located O
there. O
Then Melaria O
 Bello O
and Baesippo occupy O
the O
shore O
of O
the O
Strait O
all O
the O
way O
to O
Point Juno. O
At O
this O
stage O
that O
promontory O
runs O
to O
the O
west O
and O
to O
Ocean O
with O
a O
sidewise O
ridge O
and O
it O
faces O
that O
promontory O
in O
Africa O
that O
we O
had O
said O
was O
called O
Ampelusia. O
It O
terminates O
Europe O
where O
Our O
Seas O
are O
situated. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.97  ISLANDS O
The O
island O
of Gades O
which O
meets O
travelers O
as O
they O
exit O
the O
Strait O
is O
a O
reminder O
to O
mention O
all O
the O
other O
islands O
before O
the O
narrative O
proceeds O
as O
we O
promised O
at O
the O
beginning O
to O
the O
shores O
of O
Ocean O
and O
the O
earth's O
periphery. O
There O
are O
a O
few O
islands O
in Maeotis — O
it O
seems O
easiest O
to O
begin O
there O
— O
but O
they O
are O
not O
all O
under O
cultivation O
since O
they O
do O
not O
produce O
even O
range O
grass O
generously. O
That O
is O
the O
reason O
the O
meat O
of O
huge O
fish O
is O
dried O
by O
the O
inhabitants O
in O
the O
sun O
and O
ground O
to O
a O
powder O
for O
use O
as O
flour. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.98  There O
are O
a O
few O
islands O
in O
the Pontus also. Leuce is O
thrust O
up O
opposite O
the O
mouth O
of O
the Borysthenes. O
It O
is O
relatively O
small O
and O
because Achilles is O
buried O
there O
has O
the O
eponym O
of O
Achillea. O
Not O
far O
from O
the Colchians is Aria O
which O
was O
dedicated O
to Mars O
as O
told O
in O
legend O
and O
which O
produced O
birds O
that O
hurled O
their O
feathers O
like O
spears O
— O
along O
with O
the O
greatest O
carnage O
of O
newcomers. O
There O
are O
six O
islands O
among O
the O
mouths O
of O
the Ister O
of O
which Peuce is O
the O
best O
known O
and O
most O
important. Thynias O
next O
to O
the O
land B-LOC
of O
the Mariandyni O
has O
a O
city O
that O
they O
call O
Bithynis O
because Bithynians live O
there. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.99  Opposite O
the O
Thracian Bosphorus O
two O
islands O
that O
are O
small O
and O
scarcely O
removed O
from O
one O
another O
were O
once O
believed O
and O
said O
to O
crash O
together O
they O
are O
called Cyaneae and Symplegades. O
In O
the Propontis O
only Proconnesos is O
inhabited. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.100  Outside O
the Hellespont O
of O
the O
islands O
adjacent O
to O
the O
Asiatic O
regions O
the O
most O
renowned O
are Tenedos O
opposite O
the O
coast O
of Sigeum O
and O
— O
in O
the O
order O
listed O
— O
those O
islands O
that O
spread O
out O
near O
the O
spur O
of O
the Taurus Mountains O
and O
which O
some O
authors O
thought O
were O
called O
the Macaron O
either O
because O
they O
were O
moderately O
blessed O
in O
climate O
and O
soil O
or O
because Macar had O
held O
them O
under O
his O
own O
sway O
and O
that O
of O
his O
descendants O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.101  In O
the Troad O
 Lesbos and O
on O
it O
once O
the O
five O
towns O
of Antissa O
 Pyrrha O
 Eresos O
 Methymna O
 Mytilene; O
in Ionia O
 Chios and Samos; O
in Caria O
 Cos; O
in Lycia O
 Rhodes. O
On O
the O
latter O
islands O
there O
are O
individual O
cities O
of O
the O
same O
name O
and O
on Rhodes in O
the O
past O
there O
were O
as O
well O
the O
three O
cities O
of Lindos O
 Camiros O
and Ialysos. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.102  Those O
islands O
that O
lie O
— O
unluckily O
for O
those O
sailing O
by O
— O
directly O
opposite O
the O
spur O
of O
the Taurus Range O
are O
called Chelidonian. Cyprus runs O
in O
an O
east O
west O
direction O
into O
the O
biggest O
gulf O
that Asia takes O
in O
and O
it O
lies O
more O
or O
less O
in O
its O
center. O
It O
stretches O
in O
a O
straight O
ridge O
between Cilicia and Syria O
and O
as O
an O
island O
that O
at O
one O
time O
held O
nine O
kingdoms O
and O
now O
sustains O
a O
number O
of O
cities O
(the O
most O
renowned O
being Salamis O
 Paphos O
and Old O
Paphos O
where O
they O
claim Venus first O
emerged O
from O
the O
sea) O
 Cyprus is O
huge. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.103  Arados is O
a O
small O
island O
in Phoenicia O
and O
the O
whole O
island O
is O
coast O
to O
coast O
town O
but O
it O
is O
a O
crowded O
town O
because O
it O
is O
legal O
to O
build O
apartment O
buildings. Canopos is O
small O
and O
lies O
before O
the O
so O
called O
Canopic O
mouth O
of O
the Nile. Menelaus' O
helmsman Canopus died O
there O
accidentally O
and O
he O
gave O
his O
name O
to O
the O
island O
which O
then O
gave O
its O
name O
to O
that O
mouth. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.104  Pharos is O
linked O
to Alexandria by O
a O
bridge O
now O
but O
once O
upon O
a O
time O
as O
transmitted O
in O
the O
Homeric O
epic O
it O
was O
removed O
from O
those O
shores O
by O
a O
whole O
day's O
sail. O
If O
that O
was O
the O
case O
it O
seems O
possible O
to O
researchers O
that O
the Nile provided O
the O
cause O
for O
such O
a O
great O
change. O
As O
long O
as O
the O
river O
dredges O
silt O
from O
its O
bed O
and O
especially O
during O
the O
period O
while O
the O
river O
is O
dredging O
it O
up O
the Nile adds O
the O
silt O
to O
the O
shoreline O
increases O
the O
land O
mass O
and O
extends O
the O
area O
of O
the O
increasing O
land O
mass O
into O
the O
neighboring O
shallows. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.105  In O
Africa O
opposite O
the O
greater O
Bay O
of Syrtis O
is O
Euteletos; O
opposite O
the O
promontories O
of O
the lesser O
Syrtis are Meninx and Cercina; O
opposite O
the O
Gulf O
of Carthage are O
Chyarae O
Thylae O
and Aegatae O
memorable O
for O
the O
bloody O
Roman O
defeat. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.106  Several O
additional O
islands O
are O
located O
off O
the O
shores O
of O
Europe O
in O
the Aegean O
Sea near Thrace are Thasos O
 Imbros O
 Samothrace O
 Scandile O
Polyaegos O
 Sciathos O
 Halonessos O
and O
— O
opposite O
Mt. Athos O
 Lemnos O
where O
at O
one O
time O
only O
women O
are O
said O
to O
have O
lived O
after O
all O
the O
men O
had O
been O
slaughtered. O
The Gulf O
of O
Pagasa looks O
on Scyros and O
encloses Cicynethos. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.107  Euboea causes O
Point Geraestus and O
Point Caphereus to O
protrude O
southward O
and O
Point Kenaion northward. Euboea is O
never O
wide O
and O
has O
a O
breadth B-LOC
of O
two O
miles O
where O
it O
is O
narrowest O
but O
it O
is O
long O
and O
lies O
along O
the O
whole O
of Boeotia O
separated O
from O
its O
coastline O
by O
a O
narrow O
strait. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.108  They O
call O
that O
strait Euripos. O
It O
has O
a O
swift O
current O
and O
flows O
in O
alternating O
directions O
seven O
times O
a O
day O
and O
seven O
times O
a O
night O
with O
its O
waves O
changing O
direction O
too O
it O
flows O
so O
unusually O
that O
it O
frustrates O
even O
the O
winds O
as O
well O
as O
ships O
with O
the O
wind O
to O
their O
backs. O
There O
are O
some O
towns O
on O
the O
island O
namely O
 Styra O
 Eretria O
 Pyrrha O
 Nesos O
and Oichalia. O
but O
the O
wealthiest O
cities O
are Carystos and Chalkis. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.109  In Atthis. Helene is O
the O
isle O
known O
for O
the O
adultery O
of Helen O
and Salamis is O
even O
better O
known O
for O
the O
destruction O
of O
the Persian fleet. O
In O
the O
vicinity O
of O
the Peloponnesos O
but O
still O
at O
this O
point O
on O
the Aegean side O
are Pityussa and Aigina; O
off O
the O
coast O
of Epidaurus O
among O
other O
obscure O
islands O
 Calauria O
famous O
for Demosthenes' O
demise O
at Troizene. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.110  In O
the Myrtoan Sea O
 Cythera opposite Malea O
as O
well O
as Theganusa and O
the O
isles O
of Oinussae opposite O
Mt. Acritas; O
on O
the Ionian O
Sea O
 Prote O
 Asteria O
 Cephallania O
 Neritos O
 Same O
 Zacynthos O
 Dulichium O
and O
among O
those O
not O
obscure O
 Ithaca O
which O
is O
mainly O
illustrious O
for O
the O
name O
of Ulysses; O
in Epiros O
the Echinades group O
and O
another O
group O
formerly O
called O
the Plotae O
now O
called O
the Strophades; O
opposite O
the Ambracian O
Gulf O
 Leucadia and O
bordering O
on O
the Adriatic Sea O
 Corcyra. O
These O
islands O
lie O
near O
the O
coasts O
of Thrace and O
Greece. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.111  By O
contrast O
farther O
out B-LOC
to O
sea O
are Melos O
 Olearos O
 Aegilia O
 Cothon O
 Ius O
 Thia O
 Thera O
 Gyaros O
 Hippuris O
 Donysa O
 Cythnos O
 Chalcis O
 Icaria O
 Cinara O
 Nisyros O
 Lebinthos O
 Calymnia O
and Syme. O
These O
islands O
are O
called O
the Sporades O
because O
they O
are O
scattered O
but Ceos O
 Sicinos O
 Siphnos O
 Seriphos O
 Rhenea O
 Paros O
 Myconos O
 Syros O
 Tenos O
 Naxos O
 Delos O
and Andros are O
called O
the Cyclades O
because O
they O
lie O
in O
a O
circle. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.112  Beyond O
these O
islands O
in O
the O
middle O
of O
the O
sea O
at O
this O
point O
huge O
and O
once O
inhabited O
by O
a O
hundred O
cities O
 Crete extends O
Point Samonium to O
the O
east O
to O
the O
west Criu O
Metopon. O
It O
is O
similar O
to Cyprus except O
bigger O
and O
it O
is O
notorious O
for O
its O
many O
legends O
(the O
arrival O
of Europa O
 Pasiphae's O
and Ariadne's O
loves O
the Minotaur's O
savagery O
and O
his O
death O
the O
works O
of Daedalus and O
his O
escape. Talus' O
lookout O
and O
his O
death) O
but O
especially O
because O
the O
locals O
point O
out O
as O
the O
virtually O
unambiguous O
indication O
that Jupiter was O
buried O
there O
the O
tomb O
on O
which O
his O
name O
is O
engraved. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.113  Its O
best O
known O
cities O
are Cnossos O
 Gortyna O
 Lyctos O
 Lycastos O
Olopyxos O
Therapnae O
 Cydonea O
Moratusa O
and Dictynna O
Among O
its O
hills O
because O
we O
are O
told O
that Jupiter was O
born O
there O
Mt Ida's O
tradition O
is O
preeminent. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.114  Off O
the O
coast O
of Crete are O
the O
islands B-LOC
of Astypalaea O
Naumachos O
Zephyre O
 Chryse O
 Caudos and O
those O
three O
they O
nevertheless O
call O
by O
one O
name O
 Musagorus; O
and Carpathos O
whence O
the Carpathian Sea O
gets O
its O
name. O
In O
the Adriatic are Apsoros O
Dyscelados O
 Absyrtis O
 Issa O
Titana O
Hydria O
 Electrides O
 Black O
Corcyra O
Linguarum O
 Diomedia O
Aestria O
Asine O
and Pharos O
which O
lies O
beside O
the O
coast O
of Brundisium O
just O
as O
that O
other Pharos lies O
beside Alexandria. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.115  Sicily was O
long O
ago O
as O
they O
report O
part O
of O
the O
continent O
and O
tied O
to Bruttium O
but O
it O
was O
severed O
at O
a O
later O
time O
by O
the O
strait O
that O
belongs O
to O
the O
Sea O
of O
Sicily. O
That O
strait O
is O
narrow O
and O
moves O
in O
two O
directions. O
With O
one O
current O
it O
flows O
through O
to O
the Tuscan O
sea O
with O
the O
other O
to O
the Ionian O
Sea. O
It O
is O
frightful O
violent O
and O
renowned O
for O
the O
savage O
names O
of Scylla and Charybdis. Scylla is O
a O
rock O
 Charybdis the O
sea. O
Both O
are O
deadly O
to O
those O
who O
are O
driven O
onto O
them. Sicily itself O
is O
huge O
and O
running O
in O
different O
directions O
with O
its O
three O
promontories O
it O
looks O
like O
the O
Greek O
letter O
called O
"delta." O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.116  The O
promontory O
that O
looks O
toward O
Greece O
is O
called O
Point Pachynum; Lilybaion the O
one O
that O
looks O
toward O
Africa; O
and Pelorias O
the O
one O
that O
turns O
to O
and O
is O
opposite Scylla. O
Its O
namesake O
is O
the O
helmsman Pelorus O
who O
was O
buried O
there O
by Hannibal When Hannibal O
as O
a O
political O
refugee O
from O
Africa O
was O
traveling O
through O
these O
regions O
to Syria O
he O
had O
killed Pelorus because O
he O
thought Pelorus had O
betrayed O
him. O
His O
reason O
was O
that O
as O
he O
scanned O
the O
horizon O
from O
some O
distance O
the O
shores O
seemed O
to O
him O
to O
be O
continuous. O
and O
the O
sea O
did O
not O
seem O
to O
be O
passable O
at O
all. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.117  The O
shore O
that O
extends O
from Pelorias to Pachynum O
bordering O
on O
the Ionian O
Sea O
produces O
these O
illustrious O
places; Messana O
 Tauromenium O
 Catina O
 Megaris O
 Syracusa O
and O
— O
a O
marvel O
in O
this O
last O
city O
— Arethusa. O
The O
Fountain O
of Arethusa is O
the O
one O
where O
objects O
reappear O
that O
are O
thrown O
into O
the Alpheus O
a O
river O
— O
as O
we O
have O
said O
— O
that O
flows O
on O
the Peloponnesos. O
Because O
of O
this O
phenomenon O
the O
fountain O
is O
believed O
not O
to O
be O
connected O
to O
the O
sea O
but O
to O
drive O
its O
bed O
this O
far O
and O
to O
rise O
again O
here O
after O
it O
has O
sunk O
below O
the O
surface O
of O
land O
and O
sea. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.118  Between Pachynum and Lilybaion are Acragas O
 Heraclea O
and O
Thermae; O
between Lilybaion and Pelorias are Panormus and Himera. O
Farther O
inland O
to O
be O
sure O
are Leontini O
 Centuripinum O
 Hybla O
and O
several O
other O
cities. Henna has O
special O
fame O
because O
of O
the O
temple O
of Ceres. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.119  Of O
the O
mountains O
 Eryx is O
mentioned O
mainly O
because O
of O
the O
sanctuary O
of Venus founded O
by Aeneas O
 Aetna because O
in O
olden O
times O
it O
bore O
the Cyclopes and O
nowadays O
burns O
with O
uninterrupted O
fire. O
Of O
the O
rivers O
the Himera needs O
to O
be O
mentioned O
because O
it O
rises O
exactly O
in O
the O
middle O
of O
the O
island O
and O
descends O
in O
opposite O
directions. O
On O
both O
sides O
that O
river O
divides O
the O
island. O
It O
comes O
down O
to O
the O
Libyan O
Sea O
on O
one O
side O
to O
the Tuscan O
sea on O
the O
other. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.120  Near Sicily O
in O
the Sicilian Strait O
is O
the O
island O
of Aeaee O
which Calypso reportedly O
inhabited; O
toward O
Africa O
 Gaulos O
 Melita O
and Cossura; O
nearer Italy O
 Galata and O
those O
seven O
that O
they O
call O
the Isles O
of O
Aeolus — O
Osteodes O
 Lipara O
Heraclea O
 Didyma O
Phoenicusa O
and O
the O
two O
like Aetna O
 Hiera and Strongyle O
which O
burn O
with O
uninterrupted O
flame. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.121  But O
to O
move O
on O
 Pithecusa O
 Leucothea O
 Aenaria O
Sidonia O
 Capreae O
 Prochyta O
 Pandateria O
Sinonia O
and Palmaria lie O
on O
the O
Italic O
coast O
on O
this O
side O
of O
the Tiber's O
mouth. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.122  Farther O
on O
there O
are O
some O
small O
islands O
 Dianium O
Carbania O
Urgo O
 Ilva O
as O
well O
as O
two O
large O
islands O
divided O
by O
a O
strait. O
Of O
these O
two O
 Corsica is O
nearer O
to O
the Etruscan coast. O
It O
is O
narrow O
between O
its O
lateral O
extensions O
but O
long O
and O
it O
is O
cultivated O
by O
barbarians O
except O
around O
the O
colonies O
of Aleria and Mariana. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.123  Sardinia O
which O
also O
borders O
on O
the O
African O
Sea O
is O
equal O
and O
squarish O
on O
all O
sides O
except O
that O
its O
western O
flank O
is O
narrower O
than O
its O
eastern O
and O
it O
is O
nowhere O
any O
wider O
than Corsica is O
long. O
In O
other O
regards O
 Sardinia is O
fertile O
has O
better O
soil O
than O
it O
does O
climate O
and O
is O
almost O
as O
malarious O
as O
it O
is O
productive. O
Of O
its O
peoples O
the O
most O
ancient O
are O
the Ilienses; O
of O
its O
cities O
 Caralis and Sulci. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.124  In O
Gaul O
by O
contrast O
the O
only O
islands O
fit O
to O
report O
are O
the Stoechades O
which O
are O
scattered O
from O
the O
coast O
of Liguria all O
the O
way O
to Massilia. O
The Balearic O
Isles O
located O
in O
Spain O
across O
from O
the O
coast O
of Tarraco O
are O
not O
far O
from O
one O
another O
and O
are O
designated O
by O
size; O
the O
Greater Balearic O
Isles O
and O
Lesser. O
The O
forts O
of O
Iamno O
are O
on O
the O
Lesser O
Balearic O
Isle; O
on O
the O
Greater O
Balearic O
are O
the O
colonies O
of Palma and Pollentia. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.125  Near O
the O
promontory O
they O
call O
Ferraria O
in O
the O
Bay O
of Sucro O
the O
isle O
of Ebusos has O
a O
city O
by O
the O
same O
name. O
Only O
for O
grain O
is O
it O
unproductive; O
it O
is O
rather O
bountiful O
for O
other O
crops. O
The O
island O
is O
so O
free O
of O
all O
harmful O
animals O
that O
it O
does O
not O
produce O
even O
those O
wild O
animals O
that O
are O
gentle O
nor O
does O
it O
sustain O
them O
if O
they O
are O
imported. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
2.126  Facing Ebusos is Colubraria O
which O
it O
comes O
to O
mind O
to O
mention O
because O
although O
the O
island B-LOC
is B-LOC
teeming I-LOC
with O
many B-LOC
a O
harmful O
breed O
of snake and O
is O
uninhabitable O
for O
that O
reason O
it O
is O
still O
without B-LOC
danger O
and B-LOC
safe O
for O
anyone O
who O
enters B-LOC
within O
a O
space O
demarcated O
by B-LOC
a I-LOC
circle O
of B-LOC
dirt I-LOC
from Ebusos. O
Those O
same snakes that O
otherwise O
habitually O
attack O
people O
they O
meet O
stay B-LOC
far I-LOC
away O
from B-LOC
the I-LOC
sight B-LOC
of O
that O
dust O
— O
in O
terror O
— B-LOC
as I-LOC
if B-LOC
the I-LOC
sight I-LOC
were B-LOC
a I-LOC
kind O
of B-LOC
poison. I-LOC
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.1  The O
coastline O
of O
Our O
Sea O
has O
been O
described O
now O
and O
the O
islands O
it O
includes O
too. O
What O
is O
left O
is O
the O
periphery O
as O
we O
said O
at B-LOC
the O
outset B-LOC
that O
Ocean O
encircles. O
The O
huge O
and O
boundless O
sea O
is O
in O
motion O
being B-LOC
stirred O
by O
great O
tides O
(that O
is O
what O
they O
call O
its O
movements). O
Sometimes O
it O
inundates O
fields; O
other O
times O
it O
strips O
them O
and O
runs O
back O
— O
not O
one O
field O
and O
another O
in O
turn O
and O
not O
going O
back O
and O
forth O
between O
opposite O
coasts O
in O
alternating O
advances O
with O
full O
thrust O
now O
on O
these O
fields O
now O
on O
those. O
Instead O
after O
it O
floods O
out O
from O
its O
center O
point O
equally O
onto O
all O
the O
shores O
of O
land O
and O
island O
even O
though O
they O
lie O
in O
different O
directions O
Ocean O
gathers O
itself O
back O
into O
its O
center O
point O
from O
those O
shores O
and O
returns O
to O
its O
original O
condition. O
It O
always O
moves O
with O
so O
much O
force O
that O
it B-LOC
even I-LOC
drives O
back O
great O
rivers O
and O
either O
sweeps O
away O
the O
creatures O
of O
the O
earth O
or O
else O
strands O
marine O
life B-LOC
there. I-LOC
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.2  It O
is O
moreover O
not B-LOC
quite I-LOC
understood O
[a] O
whether B-LOC
the O
world B-LOC
causes I-LOC
that O
process O
by O
its O
own O
breathing O
and O
restores O
all B-LOC
around O
the O
water O
that O
has O
been O
pulled O
back O
with O
its O
breath O
— O
if O
as O
pleases O
the B-LOC
more O
learned O
the O
world O
is O
a O
single O
animate O
being O
— O
or O
[b] O
whether O
there O
are O
certain O
caves O
sunk O
below O
the O
surface O
where O
the B-LOC
returned O
waters B-LOC
reside O
and O
whence O
they O
rise O
up O
copiously O
again O
or O
[c] O
whether O
the O
moon O
is O
the O
explanation O
of O
such O
great B-LOC
movements. O
The O
tides O
certainly O
vary O
with O
the O
moon's O
rising O
and O
setting O
and O
we O
have O
ascertained O
that O
they O
ebb O
and O
flow O
not O
regularly O
at O
the O
same O
moment O
but O
as O
the O
moon O
waxes O
and O
wanes. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.3  IBERIAN O
PENINSULA O
The Atlantic and O
the O
line O
of Baetica's O
oceanfront O
receive O
those O
who O
travel O
this O
way O
and B-LOC
follow I-LOC
the O
right O
hand O
coast. O
This O
coastline O
is O
virtually O
straight O
as O
far O
as O
the Anas River O
except O
where O
it O
draws O
back O
gradually O
once O
or O
twice. O
The O
Turduli O
and Bastuli are O
its O
inhabitants. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.4  In O
the O
nearest O
bay O
is O
a O
harbor O
they O
call O
the O
Port O
of Gades and O
a O
woods O
they O
call O
Wild O
Olive O
Grove; O
then O
a O
fort O
 Ebora O
on O
the O
coast; O
and O
far O
from O
the O
coast O
the O
colony O
of Hasta. O
On O
the O
coast O
again O
there O
is O
an O
altar O
and O
a O
temple O
of Juno O
and O
on O
the O
sea O
itself O
the O
Monument O
of Caepio O
which O
is O
set O
on O
a O
cliff O
rather O
than O
an O
island. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.5  The Baetis River O
coming O
from O
the O
Tarraconensis O
region O
more O
or O
less O
through O
the O
middle O
of O
this O
one O
runs O
down O
for O
a O
long O
time O
in O
a O
single O
stream O
just O
as O
it O
originates. O
Later O
on O
after O
it O
has O
made O
a O
large O
lake O
not O
far O
from O
the O
sea O
a O
twin O
rises O
up O
as O
if O
from O
a O
new O
source O
and O
the O
river O
flows O
on O
in O
separate O
beds O
as O
sizably O
as O
it O
had O
arrived O
in O
its O
single O
bed. O
Then O
a O
second O
bay O
curves O
all O
the O
way O
to O
the O
province's O
boundary O
and O
the O
small O
towns O
of O
Olintigi O
 Onoba  O
and O
Laepa O
line O
it. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.6  By O
contrast O
on O
the O
other O
side O
of O
the Anas O
where O
it O
faces O
the Atlantic Ocean O
 Lusitania at O
first O
goes O
on O
with O
a O
mighty O
thrust O
into O
the O
sea; O
then O
it O
stops O
and O
recedes O
farther O
than Baetica does. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.7  Where O
it O
juts O
out O
the O
coast O
spreads O
into O
three O
promontories O
with O
the O
sea O
being O
received O
in O
two O
folds. O
The O
promontory O
beside O
the Anas is O
called O
Wedge O
Field O
because O
it O
runs O
out O
from O
a O
wide O
base O
and O
gradually O
hones O
itself O
into O
a O
point; O
they O
call O
the O
second O
one Sacred O
Promontory and O
the O
one O
beyond O
it O
Great O
Point. O
On O
Wedge O
Field O
are Myrtili O
 Balsa  O
and Ossonoba ; O
on Sacred O
Promontory O
 Laccobriga and O
Port Hannibal; O
on O
Great O
Point O
 Ebora. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.8  Bays O
lie O
between O
the O
promontories. Salacia is O
on O
the O
first O
one; O
on O
the O
second O
are Ulisippo and O
the O
mouth O
of O
the Tagus O
a O
river O
that O
generates O
jewels O
and O
gold. O
From O
these O
promontories O
to O
the O
part O
that O
has O
receded O
a O
huge O
bend O
opens O
up O
and O
on O
it O
are O
the O
Old O
Turduli O
and O
the O
towns O
of O
the O
Turduli O
as O
well O
as O
the O
Munda O
River O
which O
flows O
broadly O
more O
or B-LOC
less I-LOC
halfway O
up O
the O
coast O
of O
the O
last O
promontory O
and O
the Durius River O
which O
washes O
the O
foot O
of O
the O
same O
promontory. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.9  The O
oceanfront O
there O
has O
a O
straight O
bank O
for O
a O
considerable O
distance O
and O
then O
protrudes O
a O
little O
bit O
where O
it O
takes O
a O
moderate O
bend. O
At O
that O
time O
drawn O
back O
again O
and O
again O
and O
lying O
in O
a O
straight O
line O
the O
coast O
extends B-LOC
to O
the O
promontory O
we O
call Celtic Point. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA B-LOC
§ O
3.10  Celtic peoples O
— O
except O
for O
the O
Grovi O
from O
the Durius to O
the O
bend O
— O
cultivate O
the O
whole O
coast O
here O
and O
the O
rivers O
Avo O
Celadus O
Nebis O
Minius O
and O
Limia O
(also O
known O
as O
the Oblivion) O
flow O
through O
their O
territory. O
The O
bend O
itself O
includes O
the B-LOC
city O
of O
Lambriaca O
and O
receives O
the O
Laeros O
and O
Ulla O
Rivers. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.11  The O
Praetamarici O
inhabit O
the O
section O
that O
juts O
out O
and O
through O
their O
territory O
run O
the O
Tamaris O
and O
Sars O
Rivers O
which O
arise O
not O
far O
away O
— O
the O
Tamaris O
next O
to O
Port O
Ebora O
the O
Sars O
beside O
the O
Tower O
of Augustus O
which O
has O
the O
famous O
inscription. O
The O
Supertamarici O
and O
the O
Neri O
the O
last O
peoples O
on O
that O
stretch O
inhabit O
the O
remainder. O
This O
is O
as O
far O
as O
its O
western O
shores B-LOC
reach. B-LOC
Event O
Date B-LOC
1 LA O
§ O
3.12  From O
there O
the O
coast O
shifts O
northward O
with O
its O
entire O
flank O
from Celtic Point O
all O
the O
way B-LOC
to I-LOC
Scythian O
Point. B-LOC
The O
shoreline O
uninterrupted O
except O
for O
moderate O
recesses O
and O
small O
promontories O
is O
almost O
straight O
until O
it O
reaches O
the Cantabri. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.13  On O
that O
shore O
first O
of O
all O
are O
the Artabri (actually O
a O
people O
of Celtic ancestry) O
then O
the Astyres. O
In O
the O
territory O
of O
the Artabri a O
bay O
admits O
the O
sea O
through O
a O
narrow O
mouth O
but O
encloses O
it O
with O
its O
not O
so O
narrow O
grasp; O
it O
rings O
the O
city O
of O
Adrobrica O
and O
the O
mouths O
of O
four O
rivers. O
Two O
mouths O
are O
little O
known O
even B-LOC
among O
locals; B-LOC
through B-LOC
the O
other O
two O
the O
Mearus O
and B-LOC
the I-LOC
Iubia I-LOC
Rivers O
make O
their O
outlets. O
On O
the O
coast O
that O
belongs O
to O
the Astyres is O
the O
town O
of O
Noege O
and O
on O
the O
peninsula B-LOC
sit O
the O
three O
so O
called O
Altars O
of Sestius. O
These B-LOC
altars O
are O
dedicated O
in B-LOC
the O
name O
of Augustus O
and O
they O
make O
famous O
a O
land O
previously O
undistinguished. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.14  From O
what O
they O
call Salia River O
though O
the O
coast O
begins O
to O
recede O
gradually B-LOC
and O
the O
breadth O
of B-LOC
still O
wide O
Spain O
begins O
to O
contract O
more O
and O
more. O
The O
land O
narrows O
so O
much O
that O
where O
it O
abuts O
Gaul B-LOC
its O
breadth O
is O
less O
by O
half O
than O
where O
it O
extends O
its O
western O
shore. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.15  The Cantabri and O
Vardulli O
occupy O
this O
stretch; O
there O
are O
several O
peoples O
and O
rivers O
among O
the Cantabri O
but O
their O
names O
cannot O
be O
couched O
in O
our O
language. O
The O
Saunium O
descends O
through O
the O
territory O
of O
the O
<... O
> O
and O
of O
the O
Salaeni O
the O
Namnasa O
down O
through O
the O
territory O
of O
the O
Autrigones O
and O
Orgenomescos O
and O
the O
<... O
>. O
One O
nation O
the O
Vardulli O
spreading O
from O
here O
to O
the O
promontory O
of O
the Pyrenees O
terminates B-LOC
the B-LOC
Spains. I-LOC
Event B-LOC
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.16  GAUL O
Gaul's O
second O
coast O
follows. O
At O
first O
its O
shoreline O
does O
not O
go O
out O
to O
sea O
at B-LOC
all I-LOC
but O
after O
a O
while O
proceeding B-LOC
almost B-LOC
as O
far O
beyond O
Spain O
as O
Spain O
had O
receded O
it O
comes O
to O
lie O
opposite O
the O
lands O
of O
the Cantabri. O
The O
coast O
then O
bends O
in O
a O
great O
curve O
and O
tums O
its O
flank O
so O
that O
it O
faces O
west. O
Then O
turning O
to O
face O
north O
the O
coastline O
unfolds O
a O
second O
time O
in O
a O
long O
and O
straight O
stretch O
up O
to O
the O
banks O
of O
the Rhenus. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.17  The O
land O
is O
rich O
primarily O
in O
grain O
and O
fodder O
and O
it O
is O
lovely O
with O
its O
vast O
woods. O
It O
is O
conducive O
to O
good O
health O
and O
rarely O
populated O
with O
animals O
of O
a O
harmful O
kind O
but O
it O
supports O
— O
with O
difficulty O
and O
not O
everywhere O
— O
those O
plants O
that O
are O
intolerant O
of O
the O
cold. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.18  The O
peoples O
are O
crude O
superstitious O
and O
sometimes O
even O
so B-LOC
monstrous I-LOC
that O
they O
used O
to O
believe O
that O
to O
the O
gods O
the O
best O
and O
most O
pleasing O
sacrificial O
victim O
was O
a O
human O
being. O
Traces O
of O
their O
savagery O
remain O
even O
though O
it B-LOC
has O
been O
banned O
now. O
Nevertheless O
after O
they O
have O
led O
their O
consecrated O
human O
victims O
to O
the O
altars O
they O
still O
graze B-LOC
them I-LOC
slightly O
although O
they O
do O
hold O
back O
from O
the O
ultimate O
bloodshed. O
And O
yet O
they O
have O
both O
their O
own O
eloquence O
and O
their O
own O
teachers O
of O
wisdom O
the Druids. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.19  These O
men O
claim O
to O
know O
the O
size O
and O
shape O
of O
the O
earth O
and O
of O
the O
universe O
the O
movements O
of O
the O
sky O
and O
of O
the O
stars O
and O
what O
the O
gods O
intend. O
In O
secret O
and O
for O
a O
long O
time O
(twenty O
years) O
they O
teach O
many O
things O
to O
the O
noblest O
males O
among O
their O
people O
and O
they B-LOC
do O
it O
in O
a O
cave O
or O
in O
a O
hidden O
mountain O
defile. O
One O
of O
the O
precepts O
they O
teach O
— O
obviously O
to O
make O
them O
better O
for O
war O
— O
has O
leaked O
into O
common O
knowledge O
namely O
that O
their O
souls O
are O
eternal O
and O
that O
there O
is O
a O
second O
life O
for O
the O
dead. O
Therefore O
they O
cremate O
and O
bury O
with O
the O
dead O
things O
that O
are O
suitable O
for O
the O
living. O
Long O
ago O
traders' O
accounts O
and O
debt O
collection O
were O
deferred O
until O
they O
died O
and O
some O
individuals O
happily O
threw B-LOC
themselves O
onto O
the O
pyres O
of O
their O
loved O
ones O
as O
if O
they O
were O
going O
to O
live O
with O
them! O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.20  The O
whole O
region O
they O
inhabit O
is O
Gallia O
Cornata. O
Its O
peoples O
have O
three O
very O
distinguished O
names O
and O
those O
peoples O
are O
separated O
by O
mighty O
rivers. O
In O
fact O
the Aquitani reach O
from O
the Pyrenees to O
the Garunna River O
the Celts from O
there O
to O
the Sequana  O
and O
from O
there O
to O
the Rhenus O
the Belgae. O
Of O
the Aquitani the O
most O
famous O
are O
the Ausci; O
of O
the Celts O
the Haedui; O
of O
the Belgae O
the Treveri. O
The O
wealthiest O
cites O
are Augusta among O
the Treveri O
 Augustodunum among O
the Haedui O
and O
among O
the Aquitani O
 Eliumberrum. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.21  The Garunna O
which O
descends O
from O
the Pyrenees O
flows O
shallow O
for O
a O
long O
time O
and O
is O
barely O
navigable O
except O
when O
swollen O
by O
winter O
rain O
or O
melted O
snow. O
But O
when O
it O
has O
been O
increased O
by O
the O
intrusions O
of O
the O
seething O
Ocean O
and O
while O
those O
same O
waters O
are O
receding O
the Garunna drives O
on O
its O
own O
waters O
and O
those O
of O
Ocean. O
The O
river O
being O
considerably O
fuller O
becomes O
wider O
the O
farther O
it O
advances O
and O
at O
the O
end O
it O
is O
like O
a O
strait. O
It O
not O
only O
carries O
bigger O
ships O
but O
rises O
like O
the O
raging O
sea O
and O
violently O
buffets O
those O
who O
sail O
it O
at O
least O
if O
the O
wind O
pushes O
one O
way O
and O
the O
current O
another. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.22  In O
the O
river O
is O
the O
island O
named O
Antros O
which O
the O
locals O
think O
floats O
on O
the O
surface O
and O
is O
raised O
up O
by O
the O
rising O
waves. O
The O
reasons O
they O
think O
so O
are O
[a] O
that O
while O
the O
adjacent O
shore O
seems O
more O
elevated O
the O
river O
covers O
it O
when O
its O
level O
rises O
whereas O
prior O
to O
flooding O
only O
this O
island O
is O
surrounded O
by O
water O
and O
[b] O
that O
what O
the O
banks O
and O
hills O
had O
stood O
opposite O
(so O
that O
it O
was O
not O
seen) O
is O
completely O
visible O
at O
that O
time O
as O
if O
because O
of O
being O
on O
higher O
ground. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.23  From O
the Garunna's O
outlet O
begins O
the O
horizontal O
stretch O
of O
land O
that O
runs O
into O
the O
sea O
as O
well O
as O
the O
shore O
that O
lies O
opposite O
the O
coast O
of O
the Cantabri and O
that O
bends O
from O
the Santoni all O
the O
way O
to O
the Ossismi (with O
other O
peoples O
living O
in O
between). O
Indeed O
after O
the Ossismi O
the O
oceanfront O
again O
faces O
back O
to O
the O
north O
and O
it O
reaches O
to O
the O
farthest O
people O
of O
Gaul O
the Morini. O
And O
it O
does O
not O
have O
anything O
more O
noteworthy O
than O
the O
port O
they O
call Gesoriacum. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.24  The Rhenus O
cascading O
down O
from O
the Alps O
makes O
— O
more O
or O
less O
at O
its O
source O
— O
two O
lakes O
Lake O
Venetus O
and O
Lake O
Acronus. O
Then O
solid O
for O
a O
long O
time O
and O
descending O
in O
a O
defined O
bank O
not O
far O
from O
the O
sea O
it O
spreads O
in O
two O
directions. O
To O
the O
left O
the Rhenus actually O
remains O
a O
river O
until O
it O
reaches O
its O
outlet. O
On O
the O
right O
however O
the O
river O
is O
at O
first O
narrow O
and O
unchanged O
but O
later O
its O
banks O
recede O
over O
a O
vast O
expanse. O
At O
this O
point O
it O
is O
no O
longer O
called O
a O
river O
but O
a O
huge O
lake O
— B-LOC
Lake I-LOC
Flevo O
— O
where O
it O
has O
flooded O
the O
fields. O
It O
surrounds O
an O
island O
of O
the O
same O
name O
becomes B-LOC
narrower O
again O
and B-LOC
again I-LOC
makes I-LOC
its O
outlet O
as B-LOC
a O
river. O
Event O
Date B-LOC
1 LA I-LOC
§ O
3.25  GERMANY O
Germany extends O
on O
the O
near O
side B-LOC
from I-LOC
the O
banks O
of O
the Rhenus as O
far O
as O
the Alps; O
on O
the O
south O
from O
the O
very Alps; O
on O
the O
east O
from O
the O
frontier O
with O
the Sarmatian peoples; O
and O
where O
it O
faces O
north O
from O
the O
ocean O
front. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.26  The O
people O
who O
live O
there O
are O
extraordinary O
in O
courage O
as O
in O
physique O
and O
thanks O
to O
their O
natural O
ferocity O
they O
exercise O
both O
prodigiously O
— O
their O
minds O
by O
making O
war O
their O
bodies O
by O
habitual O
hard O
work O
but O
above O
all O
by O
habitual O
exposure O
to O
the O
cold. O
They O
live O
naked O
before O
they O
reach O
puberty O
and O
childhood O
is O
very O
long O
among O
them. O
The O
men O
dress O
in O
wool O
clothing O
or O
the O
bark O
of O
trees O
even O
during O
the O
harsh O
winter. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.27  They O
have B-LOC
not O
only O
a O
tolerance O
for O
swimming O
but O
a O
fancy O
for O
it. O
They O
wage O
war O
with O
their O
neighbors O
and O
they O
provoke O
the O
causes O
of O
those O
wars O
for O
sheer O
pleasure O
not O
for O
the O
pleasure O
of O
ruling O
or O
enlarging O
what O
they O
possess O
(since O
they O
do O
not O
cultivate O
in O
earnest O
even O
what O
is O
already O
in O
their O
possession O
but O
simply O
so O
that O
what O
lies O
around O
them O
may O
be O
laid O
waste. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.28  They O
consider O
that O
right O
lies O
in O
might O
so O
much O
so O
that O
not O
even O
brigandage O
shames O
them O
provided O
that O
they O
are O
good O
to O
their O
guests O
and O
compliant O
for O
their O
suppliants. O
They O
are O
so O
crude O
and O
uncivilized O
in O
their O
way O
of O
life O
that O
they O
even O
eat O
raw O
or O
fresh O
killed O
meat O
or O
else O
they O
eat O
meat O
that O
has O
been O
frozen O
in O
the O
actual O
hides O
of cattle and O
wild O
animals O
after O
they O
have O
softened O
the O
meat O
by O
working O
it O
with O
their O
own O
hands O
and O
feet. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.29  The O
land O
itself O
is O
not O
easily O
passable O
because O
of O
its O
many O
rivers; O
it O
is O
rugged O
on O
account B-LOC
of O
its O
numerous O
mountains; O
and O
to O
a B-LOC
large I-LOC
extent O
it O
is O
impassable O
with O
its O
forests O
and O
swamps. O
Of O
the O
swamps O
the O
Suesia O
the O
Metia B-LOC
and O
the O
Melsyagum O
are O
the O
biggest. O
Of O
the O
forests O
the Hercynian and O
some O
others O
that O
have O
names O
do O
exist O
but O
because O
it O
covers O
a O
distance O
of O
sixty O
days' B-LOC
march O
the Hercynian O
Forest is O
as O
much O
better O
known O
as O
it O
is O
bigger O
than O
the O
others. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.30  Of O
the O
mountains O
excepting O
those O
with O
names O
scarcely O
to O
be O
pronounced O
by O
a O
Roman O
mouth O
the O
tallest O
are O
Mt. O
Taunus O
and O
Mt. O
Retico. O
Of B-LOC
the I-LOC
rivers O
that O
pass O
into O
the O
territories O
of O
other O
peoples O
the O
most O
famous O
are O
the Danube and O
the Rhodanus; O
of O
those O
that O
go O
into O
the Rhenus O
the O
Moenis; O
and O
of O
those O
that O
go O
into O
the O
Ocean O
the Amissis  O
the Visurgis  O
and O
the Albis. O
Event O
Date B-LOC
1 LA O
§ O
3.31  On O
the O
other O
side O
of O
the Albis O
the O
huge O
Codanus O
Bay O
is O
filled O
with O
big O
and O
small O
islands. O
For O
this O
reason O
where O
the O
sea O
is O
received O
within O
the O
fold O
of O
the O
bay O
it O
never O
lies O
wide O
open O
and O
never O
really O
looks O
like O
a O
sea O
but O
is O
sprinkled O
around O
rambling O
and O
scattered O
like O
rivers O
with O
water O
flowing O
in O
every O
direction O
and O
Crossing O
many O
times. O
Where O
the O
sea O
comes O
into O
contact O
with O
the O
mainland O
the O
sea O
is O
contained O
by O
the O
banks O
of O
islands O
banks O
that O
are O
not O
far O
offshore O
and O
that O
are O
virtually O
equidistant O
everywhere. O
There O
the O
sea O
runs O
a O
narrow O
course O
like O
a O
strait O
then O
curving O
it O
promptly O
adapts O
to O
a O
long O
brow O
of O
land. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.32  On O
the O
bay O
are O
the Cimbri and O
the Teutoni; O
farther O
on O
the O
farthest O
people O
of Germany O
the O
Hermiones. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.33  SARMATIA O
Sarmatia O
wider O
to O
the O
interior O
than O
toward O
the O
sea O
is O
separated O
by O
the Vistula River O
from O
the O
places O
that O
follow O
and O
where O
the O
river O
reaches O
in O
it O
goes O
all O
the O
way O
to O
the Ister River. O
Its O
people O
are O
very O
dose O
to O
the Parthians in O
dress O
and O
in O
weaponry O
but O
the O
rougher O
the O
climate O
the O
cruder O
their O
disposition. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.34  They O
do O
not O
live O
in O
cities O
or O
even O
in O
fixed O
abodes. O
Insofar O
as O
pastures O
have O
lured O
them O
on O
or O
insofar O
as O
an O
enemy's O
flight O
or O
pursuit O
has O
forced O
them O
out O
they O
live O
in O
camps O
all O
the O
time O
and O
drag O
their O
possessions O
and O
their O
wealth O
with O
them. O
They O
are O
warlike O
free O
unconquered O
and O
so O
savage O
and O
cruel O
that O
women O
also O
go O
to O
war O
side O
by O
side O
with O
men; O
and O
so O
that O
women O
may O
be O
suited O
for O
action O
their O
right O
breast O
is O
cauterized O
as O
soon O
as O
they O
are O
born. O
As O
a O
result O
that O
breast O
now O
exposed O
and O
ready O
to O
withstand O
blows O
develops O
like O
a O
man's O
chest. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.35  Archery O
horseback O
riding O
and O
hunting O
are O
a O
girl's O
pursuits; O
to O
kill O
the O
enemy O
is O
a O
woman's O
military O
duty O
so O
much O
so O
that O
not O
to O
have O
struck O
one O
down O
is O
considered O
a O
scandal O
and O
virginity O
is B-LOC
the I-LOC
punishment O
for O
those O
women. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.36  SCYTHIA O
After O
that O
the Scythian peoples O
— O
almost O
all O
designated O
under O
one O
name O
as O
the O
Belcae O
— O
inhabit O
the O
Asian O
frontier O
except O
where O
winter O
remains O
continuous O
and O
the O
cold O
remains O
unbearable. O
On O
the O
Asiatic O
littoral O
first O
of O
all O
the Hyperboreans are O
located O
beyond O
the O
north O
wind O
above O
the Riphaean Mountains O
and O
under O
the O
very O
pole O
of O
the O
stars O
where O
the O
sun O
rises O
not O
every O
day O
as O
it O
does O
for O
us O
but O
for O
the O
first O
time O
at O
the O
vernal O
equinox O
and O
where O
it O
eventually O
sets O
at B-LOC
the I-LOC
autumnal O
equinox. O
Therefore O
for O
six O
months O
daylight O
is O
completely O
uninterrupted O
and O
for O
the O
next O
six O
months O
night O
is O
completely O
uninterrupted. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.37  The O
land O
is O
narrow O
exposed O
to O
the O
sun O
and O
spontaneously O
fruitful. O
Its O
inhabitants O
live O
in O
the O
most O
equitable O
way O
possible O
and O
they O
live O
longer O
and O
more O
happily O
than O
any O
mortals. O
To O
be O
sure O
because O
they O
delight O
in O
their O
always O
festive O
leisure O
they O
know O
no O
wars O
no O
disputes O
and O
they O
devote O
themselves O
primarily O
to O
the O
sacred O
rites O
of Apollo. O
According O
to O
tradition O
they O
sent O
their O
first O
fruits O
to Delos initially O
in O
the O
hands O
of O
their O
own O
virgins O
and O
later O
they O
sent B-LOC
them O
through O
peoples B-LOC
who O
handed O
them O
on O
in O
succession O
to O
farther O
peoples. O
They O
preserved O
that O
custom O
for O
a O
long O
time O
until O
it O
was O
profaned O
by O
the O
sacrilege O
of O
those O
peoples. O
The Hyperboreans inhabit O
groves O
and O
forests O
and O
when O
a O
sense O
of O
having O
been O
satisfied O
by O
life O
(rather O
than O
boredom) O
has B-LOC
gripped O
them O
they O
cheerfully O
wreathe O
themselves O
in O
flowers O
and O
actually O
throw O
themselves O
into O
the O
sea O
from O
a O
particular O
cliff. O
For O
them O
that O
is O
the O
finest O
death O
ritual. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.38  The Caspian Sea O
first O
breaks O
into O
the O
land O
like O
a O
river O
with O
a O
strait O
as O
small O
as O
it O
is O
long O
and O
after O
it O
has O
entered O
by O
its O
straight O
channel O
the O
sea O
is O
diffused O
into O
three O
bays. O
Opposite O
its O
very O
mouth O
it O
passes O
into O
the O
Bay O
of Hyrcania; O
on O
the O
left O
into Scythian Bay; O
and O
on O
the O
right O
into O
the O
one O
they O
call O
by O
the O
name O
of O
the O
whole O
 Caspian Bay. O
The O
sea O
as O
a O
whole O
is O
violent O
savage O
without O
harbors O
exposed O
to O
storms O
everywhere O
as O
well O
as O
crowded O
with O
sea O
monsters O
more O
than O
any O
other O
sea O
is O
and O
for O
all O
these O
reasons O
it O
is O
not O
fully O
navigable. O
To O
the O
right O
as O
you O
enter O
the Scythian Nomads O
occupy O
the O
shores O
of O
the O
strait. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.39  To O
the O
interior O
beside Caspian Bay O
are O
the Caspians and Amazons (at O
least O
the O
ones O
they O
call O
the O
Sauromatidae); O
alongside O
the O
Bay O
of Hyrcania are O
the Albani O
the Moschi O
and O
the Hyrcani; O
and O
on Scythian Bay O
are O
the Amardi O
the O
Pestici O
and O
at O
this O
point O
near O
the O
strait O
the Derbices. O
Many O
rivers O
great O
and O
small O
flow O
into O
that O
bay O
but O
the O
famous O
one O
the O
<... O
> O
descends O
in O
a O
single O
bed O
from O
the Ceraunian Mountains O
and O
makes O
its O
outlet O
into O
the Caspian in O
two O
beds. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.40  The Araxes  O
which O
cascades O
down O
from O
the O
side O
of O
the Taurus Range O
slips O
a O
long O
peacefully O
and O
quietly O
as O
long O
as O
it O
slices O
through O
the O
plains O
of Armenia O
and O
it O
is O
not O
clear O
which O
way O
it O
is O
moving O
even O
if O
you O
watch O
it O
closely. O
When O
the Araxes goes O
down O
into O
rougher O
terrain O
is O
squeezed O
to O
either O
side O
by O
cliffs O
and O
is O
that O
much O
swifter O
because O
it O
is O
that O
much O
narrower O
the O
river O
becomes O
as O
a O
result O
rough O
and O
choppy O
alongside O
the O
crags O
that O
block O
its O
path. O
Because O
of O
that O
it O
rolls O
on O
with O
a O
mighty O
crashing O
and O
roaring O
so O
rapid O
that O
where O
it O
is O
about O
to O
drop O
precipitously O
onto O
lower O
lying O
terrain O
the Araxes does O
not O
even O
change O
its O
water's O
direction O
but O
shoots O
the O
water O
straight O
out O
beyond O
its O
channel. O
The O
river O
propels O
itself O
in O
the O
air O
at O
a O
height O
of O
more O
than O
a O
iugerum O
its O
waters O
suspended O
in O
midair O
without O
a O
riverbed. O
Then O
after O
it O
descends O
in O
a O
curve O
with O
its O
stream O
bent O
like O
a O
bow O
the O
river O
becomes O
tranquil O
and O
again O
silently O
and O
scarcely O
moving O
through O
the O
plains O
it O
rolls O
out O
to O
the O
coastline O
there. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.41  The Cyrus Rivers O
produced O
from O
springs O
near O
the O
roots O
of O
Mt. O
Coraxicus O
travel O
in O
different O
directions. O
Both O
flow O
down O
through O
the O
territories O
of O
the Hiberi and O
the Hyrcani for O
a O
long O
time O
with O
their O
beds O
very O
far O
apart. O
Later O
after O
entering O
the O
same O
lake O
not O
far O
from O
the O
sea O
they O
arrive O
at O
the O
Bay O
of Hyrcania in O
a O
single O
outlet. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.42  The O
rivers Iaxartes go O
from O
the O
regions O
of O
the Sogdiani O
through Scythia's O
deserts O
into Scythian Bay. O
The O
former O
is O
large O
at O
its O
source O
but O
the O
latter O
becomes O
larger O
by O
the O
incursion O
of O
other O
rivers. O
The O
latter O
rushes O
for O
a O
considerale O
distance O
from O
east O
to O
west O
bends O
for O
the O
first O
time O
beside O
the Dahae O
and O
with O
its O
course O
turned O
to O
the O
north O
opens O
its O
mouth O
between O
the Amardi and O
the O
Pestici. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.43  The O
forests O
also O
bear O
other O
fierce O
animals O
but O
they O
even O
bear O
tigers O
— Hyrcanian ones O
to O
be O
sure O
— O
a O
savage O
breed O
of O
wild O
animal O
so O
swift O
that O
they O
easily O
and O
typically O
track O
a O
mounted O
rider O
even O
one O
passing O
at O
a O
distance; O
and O
they O
do O
it O
not O
once O
only O
but O
several O
times O
even O
when B-LOC
the O
trail O
is O
retraced O
each O
time O
right O
from B-LOC
where O
it O
began. O
The O
explanation O
comes O
from O
the O
fact O
that O
when O
that O
proverbial O
horseman O
runs O
off O
with O
stolen O
tiger O
cubs O
and O
once O
he O
has O
let O
one O
of O
the O
several O
cubs O
go O
to O
thwart O
the O
fury O
of O
the O
adult O
animals O
as O
they O
near O
the O
city O
these O
tigers O
pick O
up O
the O
abandoned O
cub O
and O
bring O
it O
back O
to O
their O
den. O
They O
go O
back O
again O
rather B-LOC
a O
lot O
and O
do O
the O
same O
thing O
until O
the O
fleeing O
thief O
reaches O
a O
more O
populous O
locale O
than O
the O
tigers O
dare O
to O
approach. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.44  For O
quite O
some O
time O
it O
was O
unclear O
what O
lay O
beyond Caspian Bay O
whether O
it O
was O
the O
same O
Ocean O
or O
a O
hostile O
cold O
land O
that O
extended O
without O
a O
border O
and O
without O
end. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.45  But O
in O
addition O
to O
the O
natural O
philosophers O
and Homer O
who O
all O
said O
that O
the O
entire O
known O
world O
was O
surrounded O
by O
sea O
there O
is Cornelius O
Nepos O
who O
is O
more O
dependable O
as O
an O
authority O
because O
he O
is O
more O
modern. Nepos O
however O
adduces O
Quintus Metellus Celer as O
witness O
of O
the O
fact O
and O
he O
records O
that Metellus reported O
it O
as O
follows. O
When Celer was O
proconsul O
of O
Gaul O
certain Indians were O
presented O
to O
him O
as O
a O
gift O
by O
the O
king O
of O
the Boii. O
By O
asking O
what O
route O
they O
had O
followed O
to O
reach O
there O
 Celer learned O
that O
they O
had O
been O
snatched O
by O
storm O
from Indian waters O
that O
they O
had O
traversed O
the O
intervening O
region O
and O
that O
finally O
they O
had O
arrived O
on O
the O
shores O
of Germany. O
Ergo O
the O
sea O
is O
continuous O
but O
the O
rest O
of O
that O
same O
coast B-LOC
is O
frozen O
by O
the O
unremitting O
cold O
and O
is O
therefore O
deserted. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.46  ISLANDS O
Next O
to O
these O
shores O
which O
we O
have O
traced O
from O
the O
angle O
of Baetica all O
the O
way O
here O
also O
lie O
many O
obscure O
islands O
that O
have O
no O
names. O
Of O
those O
islands O
not O
happily O
passed O
by O
though O
 Gades is O
on O
the O
Strait. O
That O
island O
is O
separated O
from O
the O
continent O
by O
a O
narrow O
space O
as O
if O
by O
a O
river O
and O
has O
an O
almost O
straight O
bank O
where O
it O
lies O
nearer O
to O
the O
mainland. O
Where O
the O
island O
faces O
Ocean O
it O
reaches O
into O
the O
sea O
with O
two O
promontories O
and O
the O
shoreline O
in O
between O
recedes. O
On O
one O
prong O
it O
supports O
a O
temple O
of O
Aegyptian Hercules famous O
for O
its O
founders O
its O
cult O
its O
age B-LOC
and O
its O
wealth. O
The Tyrians founded O
the O
temple O
and Hercules' O
bones O
buried O
there O
show O
why O
the O
place O
is O
consecrated. O
The O
temple O
began O
its O
existence O
in O
the Trojan era O
and O
time O
has O
fed O
its O
wealth. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.47  In Lusitania are O
the O
isle O
of Erythia O
which O
we O
are O
told O
was O
the O
home O
of Geryon O
and O
other O
islands O
without O
fixed O
names. O
The O
fields O
of Erythia are O
so O
fertile O
that O
as O
soon O
as O
grain O
is O
planted O
as O
soon O
as O
the O
seed O
falls O
to O
the O
ground O
and O
renews O
the O
crop O
they O
produce O
at O
least O
seven O
harvests O
sometimes O
even O
more. O
On O
the Celtic coast O
are O
a O
number O
of O
islands O
that O
because O
they O
are O
all O
rich O
in O
lead O
people O
call O
by O
one O
name O
the Cassiterides. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.48  In O
the O
Britannic O
Sea O
opposite O
the O
coast O
of O
the Ossismi O
the O
isle O
of O
Sena O
belongs O
to O
a O
Gallic O
divinity O
and O
is O
famous O
for O
its O
Oracle O
whose O
priestesses O
sanctified O
by O
their O
perpetual O
virginity O
are O
reportedly O
nine O
in O
number. O
They O
call O
the O
priestesses O
Gallizenae O
and O
think O
that O
because O
they O
have O
been O
endowed O
with O
unique O
powers O
they O
stir O
up O
the O
seas O
and O
the O
winds O
by O
their O
magic O
charms O
that O
they O
turn O
into O
whatever O
animals O
they O
want O
that O
they O
cure O
what O
is O
incurable O
among O
other O
peoples O
that O
they O
know O
and O
predict O
the O
future O
but O
that O
it O
is O
not O
revealed O
except O
to O
sea O
voyagers O
and O
then O
only O
to O
those O
traveling O
to O
consult O
them. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.49  Next O
as O
to O
what O
kind O
of O
place Britain is O
and O
what O
kind O
of O
people O
it O
produces O
information O
that O
is O
more O
certain O
and O
better O
established O
will O
be O
stated. O
The O
reason O
is O
that O
— O
lo O
and O
behold! O
— O
the O
greatest O
princeps O
is O
opening O
the O
long O
closed O
island O
and O
as O
conqueror O
of O
previously O
unsubdued O
and O
previously O
unknown O
peoples O
the O
princeps O
brings O
with O
him O
the O
proof O
of O
his O
own O
accomplishments O
since O
he O
will O
reveal O
in O
his O
triumph O
as O
much O
as O
he O
has O
laid O
claim O
to O
in O
war. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.50  Moreover O
just O
as O
we O
have O
thought O
until O
now O
 Britain projects O
between O
the O
west O
and O
the O
north O
in O
a O
wide O
angle O
and O
looks O
toward O
the O
mouths O
of O
the Rhenus. O
It O
then O
draws O
its O
sides O
back O
obliquely O
facing O
Gaul O
with O
one O
side O
 Germany with O
the O
other; O
then O
returning O
with O
a O
continuous O
line O
of O
straight O
shore O
on O
its O
rear O
side O
 Britain again O
wedges O
itself O
into O
two O
different O
angles O
— O
being O
triangular O
and O
very O
much O
like Sicily. Britain is O
fiat O
huge O
fertile O
but O
more O
generously O
so O
for O
what O
feeds sheep than O
for O
what O
sustains O
humans. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.51  It O
supports O
groves O
and O
meadows O
and O
colossal O
rivers O
that O
sometimes O
flow O
to O
the O
sea O
sometimes O
back O
again O
with O
alternating O
currents O
and O
certain O
other O
rivers O
that O
produce O
gems O
and O
pearls. O
It O
supports O
peoples O
and O
their O
kings O
but O
all O
are O
uncivilized. O
The O
farther O
from O
the O
sea O
the O
more O
ignorant O
they O
are O
of O
other O
kinds O
of O
wealth O
being O
wealthy O
only O
in sheep and O
land O
and O
— O
whether O
for O
beauty O
or O
for O
some O
other O
reason O
— O
they O
have O
their O
bodies O
dyed B-LOC
blue. I-LOC
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.52  They O
produce O
nevertheless O
the O
causes O
of O
war O
and O
actual O
wars O
and O
they O
take O
turns O
harassing O
one O
another O
constantly O
mainly O
because O
they O
have O
a O
strong O
desire O
to O
rule O
and O
a O
strong O
drive O
to O
expand O
their O
holdings. O
They O
make O
war O
not O
only O
on O
horseback O
or O
on O
foot O
but O
also O
from O
two O
horse chariots O
and O
cars O
armed O
in O
the O
Gallic O
fashion O
— O
they O
call O
them O
covinni O
— O
on O
which O
they O
use O
axles O
equipped O
with O
scythes. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.53  On O
the O
far O
side O
of Britain O
Iuverna O
31 O
is O
more O
or B-LOC
less I-LOC
equal O
in O
area O
but O
it O
is O
oblong O
with O
equally O
extended O
lateral O
coastlines. O
Its O
climate O
is O
hideous O
for O
ripening O
seeds O
but O
the O
island O
is O
so O
luxuriant O
with O
grass O
— O
not O
only O
abundant O
but O
sweet O
— O
that sheep stuff O
themselves O
in O
a O
fraction O
of O
the O
day O
and O
unless O
they O
are O
kept O
from O
the O
pasture O
they O
burst O
from O
feeding O
too O
long. O
Its O
inhabitants O
are O
undisciplined O
and O
ignorant O
of O
all O
virtue O
to O
a O
greater O
degree O
than O
any O
other O
nation O
and O
they O
are O
very O
much O
inexperienced O
in O
piety. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.54  The O
thirty Orcades are O
separated O
by O
narrow O
spaces O
between O
them; O
the O
seven O
Haemodae O
extend O
opposite Germany in O
what O
we O
have O
called O
Codanus O
Bay; O
of O
the O
islands O
there O
 Scandinavia O
which O
the Teutoni still O
hold O
stands O
out O
as O
much O
for O
its O
size O
as O
for O
its O
fertility O
besides. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.55  Because O
of O
the O
sea's O
tidal O
ebb O
and O
flow O
and O
because O
the O
distance O
between O
them O
is O
sometimes O
covered O
by O
waves O
and O
other O
times O
bare O
what O
faces O
the Sarmatae sometimes O
seems O
to O
be O
islands O
and O
at O
other O
times O
seems O
to O
be O
one O
continuous O
land O
mass. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.56  In O
addition O
to O
what O
is O
handed O
down O
in O
legend O
I O
discover O
— O
in O
authors O
whom O
I O
am O
not O
embarrassed O
to O
follow O
— O
that O
on O
these O
islands O
are O
the O
Oeonae O
who O
feed O
only O
on O
oats O
and O
the O
eggs O
of O
marsh O
birds O
and O
that O
the O
Hippodes O
with O
their O
equine O
hooves O
are O
also O
there O
and O
the O
Panotii O
too O
who O
for O
clothing O
have O
big O
ears O
broad O
enough O
to O
go O
around O
their O
whole O
body O
(they O
are O
otherwise O
naked). O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.57  Thule is O
located O
near O
the O
coast O
of O
the O
Belcae O
who O
are O
celebrated O
in O
Greek O
poetry O
and O
in O
our O
own. O
On O
it O
— O
because O
there O
the O
sun O
rises O
far O
from O
where O
it O
will O
set O
— O
nights O
are O
necessarily O
brief O
but O
all O
winter O
long O
they O
are O
as O
dark O
as O
anywhere O
and O
in O
summer O
bright. O
All O
summer O
the O
sun O
moves O
higher O
in O
the O
sky O
at O
this O
time O
and O
although O
it O
is O
not O
actually O
seen O
at O
night O
the O
sun O
nevertheless O
illuminates O
adjacent O
places O
when O
its O
radiance O
is O
dose O
by; O
but O
during O
the O
solstice O
there O
is O
no O
night O
because O
at O
that O
time O
the O
sun O
is O
now O
more O
visible O
and O
shows O
not O
only O
its O
brilliance O
but O
most O
of O
itself O
too. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.58  Talge O
on O
the Caspian Sea O
is O
fertile O
without O
being O
cultivated O
and O
is O
abundant O
in O
every O
root O
crop O
and O
fruit O
but O
the O
local O
peoples O
consider O
it O
an O
abomination O
and O
a O
sacrilege O
to O
touch O
what O
grows O
there. O
They O
think O
that O
these O
things O
have O
been O
prepared O
for O
the O
gods O
and O
must O
be O
saved O
for O
the O
gods. O
Alongside O
those O
coasts O
that O
we O
have O
called O
deserted O
lie O
a O
number O
of O
equally O
deserted O
islands O
which O
being O
without O
names O
of O
their O
own O
are O
called O
the Scythian Islands. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.59  INDIA O
AND O
THE O
EAST O
The O
route O
curves O
from O
here O
to O
the O
Eastern O
Sea O
and O
to O
the O
earth's O
eastern O
rim. O
This O
coast O
which O
is O
first O
impassable O
because O
of O
the O
snows O
and O
then O
uncultivated O
because O
of O
the O
monstrous O
savagery O
of O
the O
inhabitants O
reaches O
from Scythian Point O
to O
Point O
Colis. O
The O
Androphagoe O
and O
the Sacae are Scyths O
and O
they O
are O
separated O
by O
a O
region O
that O
is O
uninhabitable O
because O
it O
is O
teeming O
with O
wild O
animals. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.60  Next O
monstrous O
beasts O
again O
render O
vast O
tracts O
unsafe O
all O
the O
way O
to O
Mt. O
Tabis O
which O
overhangs O
the O
sea. O
At O
a O
distance O
from O
there O
the Taurus Range O
rises. O
The Seres are O
in O
between O
a O
people O
full O
of O
justice O
and O
best O
known O
for O
the O
trade B-LOC
they O
conduct O
in O
absentia O
by O
leaving B-LOC
their I-LOC
goods O
behind O
in O
a O
remote O
location. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.61  India is O
situated O
not O
only O
on O
the O
Eastern O
Sea O
but O
also O
on O
the O
south O
facing O
sea O
that O
we O
have O
called O
the Indian Ocean O
and O
it O
is O
bounded O
from O
this O
point O
by O
the Taurus Range O
and O
on O
the O
west O
by O
the Indus. India occupies O
a O
coastline O
that O
equals O
a O
sail O
of O
sixty O
days O
and O
nights. O
It O
is O
so O
remote O
from O
our O
regions O
that O
in O
a O
certain O
part O
of India neither O
north O
star O
is O
visible O
and O
— O
again O
different O
from O
elsewhere O
— O
shadows O
fall O
to O
the O
south. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.62  Moreover O
it O
is O
fertile O
and O
teems O
with O
a O
different O
type O
of O
human O
being O
and O
other O
animals. O
It O
sustains O
ants O
that O
are O
no O
smaller O
than O
the O
biggest dogs O
ants O
that O
reportedly O
guard O
like O
griffins O
gold O
that O
is O
mined O
from O
deep O
within O
the O
earth O
and O
that O
pose O
the O
greatest O
threat O
to O
anyone O
who B-LOC
touches O
it. India also O
sustains O
monstrous snakes that O
with O
their O
bite O
and O
the O
winding O
constriction O
of O
their O
bodies O
can O
stop O
an O
elephant O
in O
its O
tracks. O
It O
is O
so O
rich O
in O
some O
places O
and O
has O
such O
productive O
soil O
that O
in O
this O
country O
honey O
drips O
from O
the O
leaves O
trees O
bear O
wool O
and O
rafts O
of O
split O
bamboo O
even O
convey O
like O
ships O
two O
persons O
at O
a O
time O
some O
even O
conveying O
three O
at O
a O
time. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.63  The O
dress O
and O
customs O
of O
the O
inhabitants O
vary O
a O
good O
deal. O
Some O
dress O
in O
linen O
or O
what O
we O
have O
called O
wool O
others O
in O
the O
skins O
of O
birds O
or O
wild O
animals. O
One O
subculture O
goes O
naked; O
another O
covers O
only O
their O
private O
parts. O
Some O
are O
short O
and O
puny O
others O
so O
tall O
and O
huge O
in O
body O
that O
routinely O
and O
with O
ease O
they O
even O
use O
elephants O
— O
the O
biggest O
ones O
there O
— O
in O
the O
same O
way O
we O
use horses. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.64  Certain O
individuate O
think O
it O
right O
to O
kill O
no O
animal O
at O
all O
and O
to O
eat O
no O
meat O
at O
all O
and O
fish O
alone O
is O
used O
to O
sustain O
certain O
others. O
Some O
kill O
their O
parents O
(when O
they O
are O
on O
the O
verge O
of O
decline) O
like O
sacrificial O
animate O
before O
the O
parents O
decline O
from O
age O
and O
illness O
and O
it O
is O
both O
morally O
right O
and O
absolutely O
pious O
to O
feast O
on O
the O
viscera O
of O
the O
slain O
parents. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.65  By O
contrast O
when O
disease O
or O
old O
age O
have O
set O
in O
the O
old O
and O
infirm O
withdraw O
far O
from O
the O
others O
and O
without O
any O
fear O
at O
all O
await O
death O
in O
isolation. O
More O
prudent O
individuate O
those O
who O
are O
involved O
emotionally O
in O
the O
practice O
and O
pursuit O
of O
wisdom O
do O
not O
wait O
for O
death O
but O
happily O
and O
gloriously O
bring O
it O
on O
by O
hurling O
themselves O
onto O
fires. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.66  Of O
the O
cities O
they O
inhabit O
— O
and O
there O
are O
quite O
a B-LOC
lot O
of O
them O
— Nysa (Nagarahara] O
is O
the O
most O
famous O
and O
the O
biggest. O
Of O
its O
mountains O
 Meros [Mar O
Koh] O
is O
sacred O
to Jupiter. O
Those O
two O
places O
have O
special O
renown O
for O
the O
following O
reason O
they O
think O
that Liber was O
born O
in O
that O
city O
and O
that O
he O
was O
suckled O
in O
a O
cave O
on O
this O
mountain. O
And O
for O
this O
reason O
either O
their O
traditional O
material O
or O
plain O
error O
has O
forced O
Greek O
writers O
to O
say O
that Liber was O
placed O
in Jupiter's O
thigh. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.67  The Palibothri hold O
the O
coastline O
from O
Point O
Tamus O
to O
the Ganges. O
From O
the Ganges to O
Point O
Colis O
except O
where O
it O
is O
too O
hot O
to O
be O
inhabited O
are O
found O
black O
peoples O
 Aethiopians so O
to O
speak. O
From O
Point O
Colis O
to O
the Indus the O
shores O
are O
straight O
and O
peoples O
live O
there O
who O
are O
timorous O
and O
quite O
prosperous O
because O
of O
the O
sea's O
riches. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.68  Tamus O
is O
a O
spur O
that O
the Taurus raises; O
Colis O
is O
the O
second O
angle O
on O
the O
eastern O
part O
and O
begins O
the O
side O
that O
faces O
south; O
the Ganges and O
the Indus are O
rivers. O
The Ganges originates O
from O
many O
sources O
in O
the O
Haemodes O
Range O
and O
as O
soon O
as O
it O
has O
formed O
a O
single O
bed O
it O
becomes O
the O
greatest O
of O
all O
rivers O
and O
gets O
even O
wider O
in O
some O
places. O
It O
is O
ten O
miles O
wide O
where O
it O
flows O
in O
its O
narrowest O
bed O
and O
it O
spreads O
into O
seven O
mouths. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.69  The Indus rises O
in O
the O
Propanisus O
Range O
and O
in O
fact O
admits O
other O
rivers O
the O
most O
famous O
being O
the Cophes O
 Acesinus O
and Hydaspes. O
It O
carries O
in O
its O
broad O
span O
a O
single O
river O
born O
of O
several O
streams. O
As O
a O
result O
of O
this O
circumstance O
the Indus roughly O
equals O
the Ganges in O
size. O
Later O
after O
it O
has O
circumvented O
a O
huge O
mountain O
chain O
by O
making O
several O
sweeping O
bends O
the O
river O
descends O
a O
second O
time O
straight O
and O
uninterrupted O
until O
it O
divides O
left O
and O
right O
and O
makes O
its O
outlet O
to O
the O
sea O
through O
two O
widely O
separated O
mouths. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.70  Alongside O
Point O
Tamus O
is O
the O
island O
of Chryse O
beside O
the Ganges the O
island O
of O
Argyre. O
The O
first O
has O
golden O
soil O
— O
so O
the O
old O
writers O
have O
handed O
down O
— O
the O
other O
has O
silver O
soil. O
Moreover O
as O
seems O
to O
be O
the O
case O
really O
either O
the O
name O
comes O
from O
the O
fact O
or O
the O
legend O
comes O
from O
the O
designation. Taprobane is O
said O
to O
be O
either O
a O
very O
large O
island O
or O
the O
first O
part O
of O
the O
second O
world O
but O
because O
it O
is O
inhabited O
and O
because O
no O
one O
reportedly O
has O
circumnavigated O
it O
the O
latter O
interpretation O
is O
as O
good O
as O
true. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.71  Opposite O
the O
mouths O
of O
the Indus are O
the O
so O
called O
Islands O
of O
the Sun O
so O
unlivable O
that O
the O
pressure O
of O
the O
atmosphere O
instantly O
sucks O
the O
life O
out O
of O
anyone O
who O
enters O
and O
between O
the O
rivers' O
very O
mouths O
is O
the O
district O
of Patalene O
which O
is O
unbearable O
in O
some O
places O
because O
of O
the O
heat O
and O
lacks O
inhabitants. O
From O
there O
the O
district B-LOC
of O
Ariane O
itself O
impassable O
and O
deserted O
stretches O
to O
the O
beginning O
of O
the Red O
Sea. O
Its O
land O
is O
more O
like O
ashes O
than O
dust O
and O
that O
is O
why O
the O
rivers O
that O
trickle O
through O
it O
are O
scarce O
and O
scant. O
We O
are O
told O
that O
its O
best O
known O
rivers O
are O
the Tubero and O
the O
Arusaces. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.72  THE O
PERSIAN O
GULF O
RED O
SEA O
AND O
ARABIAN O
GULF O
The O
Greeks O
call O
the Red O
Sea the Erythra Thalassa either O
because O
it O
is O
that O
color O
or O
because O
Erythras O
ruled O
there O
as O
king. O
It O
is O
a O
stormy O
rough O
sea O
and O
deep; O
it O
has O
monsters O
to O
a O
greater O
extent O
than O
all O
the O
other O
seas. O
At O
first O
the Red O
Sea thrusts O
the O
receding O
shoreline O
in B-LOC
evenly I-LOC
and O
there O
is O
a O
considerably O
wide O
gulf O
with O
the O
result O
that O
the O
sea O
does O
not O
go O
farther O
inland. O
But O
twice O
it O
breaks O
through O
those O
receding O
banks O
and O
the O
second O
time O
it O
creates O
two O
gulfs. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.73  The O
one O
nearer O
to O
the O
lands O
under O
discussion O
is O
called O
the Persian Gulf; O
the O
farther O
one O
is O
the Arabian Gulf. O
Where O
the Persian Gulf O
receives O
the O
sea O
it O
encloses O
its O
large O
mouth O
with B-LOC
two I-LOC
straight O
sides O
like O
a O
neck O
and O
then O
encompassing O
the O
sea O
with O
a O
great O
ring O
of O
shoreline O
as O
the O
land O
pulls O
back O
over O
a O
vast O
expanse O
and O
in O
equal O
degree O
everywhere O
the O
gulf O
makes O
the O
form O
of O
a O
human O
head O
appear. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.74  The O
mouth O
of O
the Arabian Gulf O
is O
narrower O
and O
its O
interior O
width O
smaller; O
its O
inner O
recess O
extends O
somewhat O
farther O
and O
its O
sides O
are B-LOC
much I-LOC
longer. O
This O
gulf O
penetrates O
far O
inland O
until O
it O
virtually O
reaches Aegypt and O
Mt. Casius in Arabia O
after O
becoming O
at O
a O
particular O
point O
less O
and O
less O
wide O
and O
narrower O
the O
more O
it O
penetrates. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.75  From O
what O
we O
have O
described O
here O
to O
the Persian Gulf O
except O
where O
the Chelonophagi linger O
are O
deserts. O
On O
the O
gulf O
itself O
are O
located O
the Carmanii on O
the O
right O
of O
those O
sailing O
in. O
They O
have O
no O
regular O
clothes O
or O
fruit O
no O
flock O
or O
fixed O
abodes. O
They O
dress B-LOC
in O
fish O
skins O
eat O
fish O
meat O
and O
are O
hairy O
all O
over O
except O
for O
their O
heads. O
The O
Cedrosi O
inhabit O
the O
interior O
and O
after O
them O
the Persae. O
The O
Saetis O
[Rud O
Gez] O
reaches O
the O
sea O
through O
the O
territory O
of O
the Carmanii O
and O
beyond O
it O
are O
the O
Sandis. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.76  Directly O
opposite O
the O
mouth O
to O
the O
sea O
are O
the O
territory O
of O
the Babylonians O
that O
of O
the Chaldaeans O
and O
two O
famous O
rivers O
the Tigris nearer O
to Persia and O
farther O
away O
the Euphrates. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.77  The Tigris descends O
as O
it O
originated O
and O
it O
goes O
right O
through O
to O
the O
coast. O
Not O
only O
does O
the Euphrates emerge O
from O
an O
immense O
open O
mouth O
where O
it O
rises O
but O
it O
even O
falls O
over O
a O
broad O
expanse. O
It O
does O
not O
as O
a O
consequence O
cut O
through O
the O
fields O
immediately O
but O
spreads O
out O
in O
pools O
over O
a O
wide O
area. O
For O
a O
long O
time O
it O
is O
sluggish O
with O
standing O
water O
and O
extends O
without O
a O
bed. O
Later O
it O
really O
is O
a O
river O
when O
it O
breaks O
through O
the O
rim O
of O
these O
standing O
pools O
and O
once O
it O
is O
taken O
by O
banks O
it O
is O
swift O
and O
roaring O
and O
goes O
west O
through Armenia and Cappadocia O
on O
its O
way O
to O
Our O
Seas O
if O
the Taurus did O
not O
stop O
it. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.78  From O
there O
the Euphrates turns O
south O
and O
first O
it O
enters Syria O
then Arabia. O
It O
does O
not O
last O
all O
the O
way O
to O
the O
sea B-LOC
and I-LOC
as O
a O
result O
dies O
off O
in O
an O
insignificant O
trickle O
even O
though O
in O
some O
places O
it O
is O
huge O
and O
navigable. O
The Euphrates never O
makes O
a O
distinct O
outlet O
as O
other O
rivers O
do O
but O
dwindles O
off. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.79  A O
stretch O
of O
land O
that O
runs O
between O
both O
seas O
surrounds O
the O
other O
shore O
of O
the Persian Gulf. O
It O
is O
called Arabia Eudaemon O
and O
it O
is O
narrow O
but O
very O
productive O
of O
cinnamon O
incense O
and O
other O
scents. O
The Sabaeans occupy O
the O
greater O
part O
of O
it O
the Macae the O
part O
nearest O
the O
mouth O
and O
across O
from O
the Carmanii. O
Forests O
and O
cliffs O
roughen O
the O
seafront O
between O
the O
mouths B-LOC
of I-LOC
the I-LOC
two O
gulfs. O
A O
number O
of O
islands O
are O
located O
in O
the O
middle O
region O
of O
this O
gulf O
but Ogyris is O
more O
famous O
than O
all O
the O
others O
because O
the O
funerary O
monument O
of O
King Erythras is O
on O
it.» O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.80  The Arabs surround O
the O
second O
gulf O
on O
all O
sides. O
On O
the O
right O
and O
in O
order O
for O
anyone O
who O
enters O
the O
gulf O
are O
the O
cities O
of O
Charra O
 Arabia O
and O
Adanus O
; O
on O
the O
other O
side O
from O
the O
reentrant O
angle O
the O
first Berenice O
between O
the O
Bay O
of Heroopolis and O
the O
Bay O
of O
Strobilus; O
then O
between O
Point O
Maenorenon O
and O
Point O
Coloba B-LOC
 Philoteris and Ptolemais; O
farther O
on O
Arsinoe O
and O
the O
other Berenice; O
then O
a O
forest O
that O
produces O
the O
ebony O
tree O
and O
perfumes; O
and O
then O
a O
man O
made O
river O
which O
is O
worth O
reporting O
because O
it O
is O
drawn O
from O
the Nile in O
a O
canal. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.81  Outside O
the O
gulf O
but O
nevertheless O
on O
the Red O
Sea's O
main O
bay O
one O
locale O
is O
infested O
with O
brute O
beasts O
and O
is O
therefore O
a O
wasteland; O
and O
the O
Panchaei O
whom O
they O
call O
Ophiophages O
because O
they O
eat snakes O
live O
in O
another. O
There O
were Pygmies to O
the O
interior O
a O
diminutive O
species O
that O
became O
extinct O
from O
fighting O
the O
cranes O
for O
the O
crops O
they O
had O
planted. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.82  There O
are O
many O
kinds O
of O
flying O
creatures O
and O
many O
kinds O
of snakes. O
The snakes most O
worth O
remembering O
are O
they O
emerge O
at O
a O
fixed O
time O
of O
year O
from O
the O
muck O
of O
the O
congealed O
swamps B-LOC
that O
they O
head O
for Aegypt by O
flying O
in B-LOC
a I-LOC
great I-LOC
swarm O
and O
that O
on O
their O
very O
entry O
into O
its O
borders O
they O
are O
intercepted O
in O
a O
hostile O
formation O
and O
defeated O
in O
a O
fight O
by O
the O
birds O
they O
call O
ibises. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.83  Of O
the O
birds O
the Phoenix O
always O
unique O
is O
especially O
worth O
mentioning. O
It O
is O
not O
conceived O
by O
copulation O
or O
born O
through O
parturition O
but O
after O
it O
has O
lasted O
continuously O
for O
a O
lifetime O
of O
five O
hundred O
years O
the Phoenix lies O
down O
on O
a O
funeral O
pile O
heaped O
up O
with O
different O
scents O
and O
decomposes. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.84  Next O
after O
congealing O
from O
the O
moisture O
of O
its O
putrefying O
limbs O
the O
bird O
conceives O
itself O
and B-LOC
is I-LOC
reborn O
from O
itself. O
When O
the Phoenix has O
reached O
maturity O
it O
carries O
the O
bones O
of O
its O
former O
body O
shut O
inside O
a O
ball O
of O
myrrh O
to Aegypt O
and O
in O
what O
they O
call O
the City O
of O
the O
Sun O
it O
puts O
the O
ball O
on O
the O
burning O
pyre O
of O
an O
altar O
and O
consecrates O
it O
in O
a O
memorable O
funerary O
ritual. O
That O
promontory O
by O
which O
the O
sea O
is O
enclosed O
there O
is O
impassable O
because O
of O
the O
Aceraunian O
Canyons. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.85  AFRICA'S O
OUTER O
COASTS O
The Aethiopians reside O
beyond O
there. O
They O
occupy O
the O
land O
of Meroe O
which O
the Nile makes O
into O
an O
island B-LOC
by O
embracing O
it O
in O
its O
first O
ambit. O
Because O
they O
have O
a O
lifetime O
longer O
than O
ours O
by O
almost O
half O
certain Aethiopians are O
called Macrobii. O
Others O
are O
called O
Automoles O
because O
they O
came O
here O
from Aegypt; O
they O
are O
beautiful O
in O
physique O
and O
worship O
body O
and O
strength O
exactly O
as O
other O
peoples O
worship O
the O
best O
virtues. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.86  They O
have B-LOC
the I-LOC
custom O
of O
choosing O
by O
appearance O
and O
strength O
the O
chief O
they O
are O
to O
obey O
at O
all O
costs. O
Among O
these O
people O
there O
is O
more O
gold O
than O
copper O
and O
for O
that O
reason O
they O
consider O
gold O
less O
valuable. O
They O
bedeck O
themselves O
with O
copper O
but O
for O
criminals O
they O
make O
chains O
out O
of O
gold. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.87  It O
is O
a O
place O
always O
bursting O
with O
sumptuous O
banquets. O
Because O
as O
pleases O
them O
it O
is O
lawful O
for O
anyone O
who O
wants O
to O
eat O
to O
do O
so O
they O
call O
the O
place O
Heliou B-LOC
Trapeza O
(table O
of O
the Sun) O
and B-LOC
they I-LOC
claim O
that O
everything O
that O
has O
been O
served O
there O
is O
replenished O
by O
a O
miracle. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.88  There O
is O
a O
lake O
from O
which O
bodies O
once O
they O
have O
been O
immersed O
continue O
to O
shine O
as O
brightly O
as O
if O
they O
had O
been O
oiled. O
The O
same O
water O
is O
used O
for O
drinking. O
The O
water O
is O
so O
clear O
and O
so O
incapable O
of O
supporting O
what O
falls O
or O
is O
thrown O
into O
it O
that O
the O
water O
does O
not O
allow O
even O
leaves O
that O
fall O
from O
the O
closest O
branches O
to O
float O
on O
its O
surface O
but O
takes O
them O
right O
to O
the O
very O
bottom. O
There O
are O
also O
very O
fierce O
animals O
namely O
variegated wolves of O
every O
color O
and O
sphinxes O
of O
the O
sort O
we O
have O
heard O
about. O
There O
are O
amazing O
birds O
horned O
tragopaties O
and O
pegasuses O
with O
equine O
ears. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.89  Moreover O
nothing O
noteworthy O
meets O
those O
who O
follow O
the O
shores O
eastward. O
Everything O
is O
a O
wasteland O
defined O
by O
desolate O
mountains O
and O
more O
a O
riverbank O
than O
an O
oceanfront. O
After O
that O
there O
is O
a O
huge O
tract O
without O
inhabitants. O
For O
quite O
a O
long O
time O
it O
was O
uncertain O
whether O
there O
was O
sea O
beyond O
and O
whether O
the O
earth O
had O
a O
periphery O
or O
whether O
with O
the O
seawaters O
eliminated O
Africa O
extended O
without O
end. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.90  Hanno the Carthaginian O
however O
was O
dispatched O
by O
his O
people O
to O
explore O
it. O
When O
he O
had O
exited O
Our O
Sea O
through O
the O
mouth O
of O
Ocean O
and O
circumnavigated O
a O
great O
part O
of O
it O
he O
had O
reported O
back O
that O
Africa O
was O
deficient O
not O
in O
sea O
but O
in O
the O
hustle O
and O
bustle O
of O
human O
life. O
In O
the O
time O
of O
our O
ancestors O
while O
running O
away O
from O
King Lathyrus of Alexandria O
a O
certain Eudoxus set O
out O
from O
the Arabian Gulf O
by O
this O
sea O
as Nepos affirms O
and O
he O
sailed O
all O
the O
way O
to Gades. O
That O
is O
why O
its O
coasts O
are O
to O
a O
certain O
extent O
known. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.91  There O
are O
then O
on O
the O
other O
side O
of O
what O
we O
have O
just O
called O
wastelands O
mute O
peoples O
for O
whom O
nodding O
their O
head O
is O
a O
substitute O
for O
speaking. O
Some O
make O
no O
sound O
with O
their O
tongue. O
Others B-LOC
have O
no O
tongues. O
Still O
others O
have O
lips O
that O
even O
stick O
together O
except O
for O
a O
hollow O
reed O
beneath O
their O
noses O
through O
which O
to O
drink O
by O
means O
of O
a O
straw O
and O
when O
the O
desire O
for O
eating O
comes O
over O
them B-LOC
they I-LOC
reportedly O
suck O
in O
one O
by O
one O
kernels O
of O
the O
grain O
that O
grows O
all O
over. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.92  To O
some O
fire O
was O
so O
unfamiliar O
before Eudoxus arrived O
and O
seemed O
so O
amazing O
and O
pleased O
them O
so O
much O
that O
they O
really O
even O
felt O
like O
embracing O
the O
flames O
and O
hiding O
the O
burning O
sticks O
in O
their O
clothing O
until O
it O
did O
them O
harm. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.93  Beyond O
them O
a O
bend O
of O
the O
great O
seacoast O
encloses O
a O
large O
island O
on O
which O
they O
tell O
that O
only O
women O
live. O
These O
women O
are O
hairy O
all O
over O
and O
essentially O
fertile O
without O
having O
sex O
with O
men; O
they O
have O
such O
a O
rough O
and O
brutish O
character O
that O
chains O
can O
barely O
prevent O
certain O
ones O
from O
resisting. Hanno reported O
this O
information O
and O
because O
he O
had O
brought O
back O
leather O
skinned O
from O
the O
ones O
he O
slaughtered O
credibility O
has O
been O
given O
to O
it. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.94  Beyond O
this O
bay O
a O
tall O
mountain O
Theón O
Ochéma O
as O
the O
Greeks O
call O
it O
burns O
with O
perpetual O
fire. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.95  Beyond O
the O
mountain O
there O
is O
a O
verdant O
hill O
which O
extends O
over O
a O
long O
stretch O
on O
a O
long O
coastline; O
from O
this O
hill O
are O
to O
be O
seen O
the O
fields O
— O
more O
extensive O
than O
can O
be O
taken O
in O
completely O
— O
that O
belong O
to O
the O
Goat O
Pans O
and Satyrs. O
As O
a O
result O
this O
explanation O
has O
received O
credence O
although O
there O
is O
nothing O
civilized O
on O
this O
hill O
no O
place O
of O
residence O
no O
footprints O
and O
although O
by O
day O
there O
is O
only O
a O
solitary O
wasteland O
and O
an O
even O
emptier O
silence O
nevertheless O
by O
night O
fires O
flare O
up O
close O
together O
and O
are O
revealed O
like O
a O
sizable O
army O
camp O
and O
they O
shake O
cymbals O
and O
beat O
drums O
and O
horns O
are O
heard O
that O
sound O
louder O
than O
human O
ones. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.96  Then O
the Aethiopians again. O
These O
people O
the O
Hesperioe O
by O
name O
are O
not O
at O
this O
point O
the O
rich O
ones O
we O
have O
mentioned O
and O
being O
smaller O
and O
uncouth O
they O
are O
not O
very O
much O
like O
them O
in O
physique. O
In O
their O
territory O
there O
is O
a O
spring O
that O
is O
at O
least O
credible O
as O
the Nile's O
source. O
The O
spring O
is O
called O
Nuchul O
by O
the O
locals O
and O
can O
apparently O
be O
called O
by O
no O
other O
name O
but O
it O
has O
been O
mispronounced O
by O
the O
barbarian O
mouth. O
It O
also O
nurtures O
papyrus O
and O
animals O
that O
are O
rather O
small O
in O
fact O
but O
all O
of O
the O
same O
species. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.97  While O
other O
rivers O
turn O
toward O
Ocean O
this O
one O
alone O
runs O
east O
into O
the O
midlands O
and O
it O
is O
uncertain O
where O
it B-LOC
ends. I-LOC
From O
that O
fact O
it O
is O
inferred O
that O
the Nile originates O
at O
this O
spring O
moves O
for O
quite O
a O
distance O
through O
inaccessible O
terrain O
and O
is O
therefore O
undiscovered O
in O
that O
interval O
but O
that O
it O
reappears O
where O
there O
is O
access. O
By O
inference O
again O
the O
interval O
where O
the O
river O
is O
hidden O
from O
view O
creates O
the O
effect O
that O
on O
this O
side O
the O
river O
appears O
to O
give O
way O
to O
another O
river O
while O
on O
the O
far O
side O
it O
appears O
to O
spring O
from O
a O
different O
place. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.98  The O
catoblepas O
is O
not O
a O
large O
wild O
animal O
but O
it O
can O
scarcely O
hold O
up O
its O
own O
large O
and O
very O
heavy O
head O
and O
it O
therefore O
moves O
around O
with O
its O
face O
very O
much O
to O
the O
ground. O
This O
animal O
is O
born O
among O
these Aethiopians and O
is O
even O
worthier O
of O
report O
because O
of O
its O
unique O
power O
namely O
that O
to O
look O
it O
in O
the O
eye O
is O
deadly O
even O
though O
the O
catoblepas O
never O
ever O
behaves O
violently O
by O
attacking O
and O
biting. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.99  Off O
their O
coast O
are O
the O
Gorgades O
Islands O
once O
the O
home O
they O
say O
of O
the Gorgons. O
They O
are O
bounded O
by O
the O
projection O
of O
the O
mainland O
known O
as O
Hesperu Ceras. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.100  From O
that O
point O
begins O
the O
oceanfront O
that O
faces O
west O
and O
is O
bathed O
by O
the Atlantic Ocean. O
The Aethiopians take O
up O
its O
first O
part O
but O
no O
one O
takes O
up O
the O
middle O
which O
is O
either O
parched O
covered O
with O
sand O
or O
infested O
with snakes. O
Islands O
that O
the O
Hesperides O
reportedly O
lived O
in O
are O
located O
off O
the O
coast O
of O
the O
parched O
region. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.101  On O
the O
sandy O
part O
is O
Mt. Atlas O
which O
rises O
abruptly. O
It O
is O
in O
fact O
precipitous O
(with O
its O
deep O
cut O
cliffs O
everywhere) O
inaccessible O
and O
more O
impenetrable O
the O
higher O
it O
rises. O
Mt. Atlas rises O
right O
into O
the O
clouds O
since O
its O
peak O
is O
higher O
than O
can O
be O
seen O
and O
it O
reportedly O
not O
only O
reaches O
the O
sky O
and O
the O
stars O
with O
its O
peak O
but O
even O
holds O
them O
up. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.102  Opposite O
the O
sandy O
part O
the O
Fortunate O
Isles O
abound O
in O
spontaneously O
generated O
plants; O
and O
with O
various O
ones O
always O
producing O
new O
fruit O
in O
rapid O
succession O
the O
islands O
nourish O
people O
who O
want O
for O
nothing O
and O
whose O
islands O
are O
more O
blissfully O
productive O
than O
others O
are. O
One O
of O
the O
islands O
is O
primarily O
famous O
for O
the O
uniqueness O
of O
its O
two O
springs O
those O
who O
have O
sipped O
the O
one O
laugh O
to O
death; O
the O
cure O
for O
those O
so O
affected O
is O
to O
drink O
from B-LOC
the I-LOC
other. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.103  Next O
after O
the O
stretch O
that O
the O
wild O
beasts O
infest O
are O
the O
Himantopodes O
hunched O
and O
rubber O
legged O
who O
reportedly O
slither O
rather O
than O
walk; O
then O
the O
Pharusii O
who O
were O
well O
off O
in O
the O
days O
when Hercules went O
to O
the Hesperides O
but O
who O
are O
now O
squalid O
and O
except O
for O
eating O
mutton O
very O
poor. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.104  Hereafter O
richer O
fields O
and O
lovely O
meadows O
abound O
in O
citron O
terebinth O
and O
ivory. O
Not O
even O
the O
coasts O
of O
the Nigritae and O
the O
Gaetuli O
who O
are O
quite O
nomadic O
are O
infertile. O
Those O
coasts O
are O
very O
famous O
for O
purple O
and O
murex O
— O
the O
most O
effective O
dyeing O
materials. O
Anything O
they O
have O
dyed O
is O
instantly O
recognizable O
anywhere. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.105  The O
remainder O
is O
the O
outer O
coast O
of Mauretania and O
Africa's O
extreme O
corner O
as O
it O
comes O
to O
its O
last O
point. O
The O
region O
is O
richly O
endowed O
but O
less O
so O
with O
those O
same O
sources O
of O
wealth. O
As O
to O
the O
rest O
it O
is O
even O
richer O
in O
soil O
and O
so O
fertile O
that O
it O
not O
only O
yields O
in O
extreme O
abundance O
the O
kinds O
of O
grain O
that O
are O
sown O
but O
also O
puts O
forth O
freely O
some O
kinds O
that O
are O
not O
sown. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.106  Here Antaeus reportedly O
ruled O
as O
king. O
A O
sign O
— O
and O
quite O
a O
famous O
one O
— O
of O
this O
legend O
is O
also O
visible O
namely O
the O
modest O
hill O
that O
looks O
like O
a O
man O
reclining O
on O
his O
back O
which O
the O
locals O
report O
is O
the O
funeral O
mound O
of Antaeus. O
As O
a O
consequence B-LOC
when O
any O
part O
of O
the O
hill O
has O
become O
eroded O
the O
rains O
regularly O
sprinkle O
the O
ground O
and O
they O
keep O
coming O
until O
the O
eroded O
sections O
are O
restored. O
Event O
Date O
1 LA O
§ O
3.107  Some O
humans O
occupy O
the O
forests O
but O
being O
less O
nomadic O
than O
those O
we O
have B-LOC
just I-LOC
mentioned I-LOC
others O
live O
in O
cities. O
The O
wealthiest O
cities O
albeit O
the O
wealthiest O
among O
small O
ones O
are O
considered O
to O
be O
Gilda O
 Volubilis O
and Banasa O
all O
far O
from O
Ocean O
but O
nearer O
to O
it O
Sala O
and Lixos  O
which O
is O
right O
on O
the O
Lixus O
River. O
Farther B-LOC
on O
is O
the B-LOC
colony I-LOC
of O
Zilia O
and O
the O
Zilia O
River O
and O
the O
place O
we O
started O
from O
Point O
Ampelusia O
which O
now O
turns O
into O
Our O
Strait O
which O
is O
the O
terminus O
both O
of O
this O
work O
and O
of O
the Atlantic coastline. O
ENDORSEMENT O
POMPONIUS O
MELA'S O
THREE O
BOOKS O
ON O
CHOROGRAPHY O
HAVE O
BEEN O
COPIED O
OUT O
WITH O
GOOD O
RESULTS. O
I O
FL. O
RUSTICIUS O
HELPIDIUS O
DOMNULUS O
SENATOR O
AND O
ADVISOR O
IN O
THE O
IMPERIAL O
CONSISTORY O
HAVE O
CORRECTED O
THEM O
AT O
RAVENNA. O