In O
times O
past O
Italy O
was O
called O
Magna B-LOC
Graecia I-LOC
by O
the O
Greeks B-PER
who O
occupied O
it O
and O
then O
Saturnia O
from O
the O
name O
of O
its O
king. O
Later O
it O
was O
also O
called O
Latium O
because B-LOC
it O
was O
here O
that O
Saturn O
hid B-PER
after O
Jupiter O
had B-PER
pushed O
him O
from O
his O
throne. O
Finally O
it O
was O
called O
Italy O
after B-LOC
Italus O
king B-PER
of O
the O
Sicilians O
who B-PER
reigned O
there. O
Its O
territory O
is B-LOC
of I-LOC
greater O
length O
than O
width O
extending O
from O
west O
northwest O
to O
southeast. O
Enclosed O
by O
the O
Tyrrhenian O
Sea B-LOC
[Tyrrhenum I-LOC
Mare] O
to O
the O
south O
and B-LOC
the I-LOC
Adriatic O
Sea B-LOC
[Tyrrhenum I-LOC
Mare] O
to O
the O
north O
it O
is O
bounded O
in O
the O
west O
by O
the O
mountain O
range O
of O
the O
Alps. O
It B-LOC
is I-LOC
the O
most O
beautiful O
land O
in O
all O
respects O
most O
pleasing O
in O
the O
fertility O
of O
its O
soil O
and O
the O
richness O
of O
its O
pasture. O
It O
has O
Lake O
Garda O
[Benacus] B-LOC
Lake O
Avernus O
and B-LOC
the I-LOC
Lucrine O
Lake O
[Lucrinus] B-LOC
the O
rivers O
Po O
[Eridanus] O
and O
Tiber O
[Tiberis] O
and O
the O
warm O
springs O
of O
Baiae O
[Baias]. O
It B-LOC
produces O
the O
precious O
stones O
syrtites O
lyncurium O
and O
coral O
and O
also O
the O
serpent O
called O
boa O
the O
wild O
lynx O
and O
the O
birds O
of O
Diomedes. O
However O
both B-PER
Italy I-PER
and O
Spain O
[Hispania] O
are B-LOC
called I-LOC
Hesperia B-LOC
because O
the O
Greeks B-LOC
when O
they O
traveled O
to O
either O
Italy O
or O
Spain O
navigated O
with O
the B-LOC
help O
of O
the O
evening O
star O
Hesperus. O
These O
are O
distinguished O
in O
the O
following O
manner O
when O
you O
speak O
of O
Hesperia O
alone O
you O
refer O
to B-LOC
Italy I-LOC
whereas O
when O
you O
add B-LOC
Ultima O
to O
it O
you O
refer O
to B-LOC
Spain I-LOC
because O
it O
lies O
in B-LOC
the I-LOC
furthest O
reaches O
of O
the O
west. O
Tuscia O
(Tuscany) O
is O
a O
part O
of B-LOC
Italy O
Umbria O
a O
part O
of O
Tuscia. O
Tuscia B-LOC
is O
named O
from O
its B-LOC
frequent B-LOC
use O
of O
religious O
rites O
and O
incense O
(tus). O
Umbria O
as O
the O
histories O
tell O
survived B-LOC
the O
rains O
(imber) O
during O
the O
time O
of O
a O
disastrous O
flood. O
It O
is O
located O
in O
the O
mountain O
range O
of O
the O
Apennines O
[Appenninus] O
in O
the O
part B-LOC
of I-LOC
Italy O
toward O
the O
south. O
Etruria O
a B-LOC
part O
of O
Italy O
is O
so O
named B-LOC
because I-LOC
its O
boundaries O
are O
extended O
up O
to O
the O
river O
bank O
of O
the O
Tiber. O
Others O
think O
that O
Etruria O
is B-LOC
so I-LOC
named O
from O
prince O
Etruscus. B-LOC
Likewise O
Tyrrhenia O
is O
named B-PER
from I-PER
Tyrrhenus O
brother B-LOC
of O
Lydus O
who O
as O
a B-LOC
result I-LOC
of O
a O
drawing O
of B-PER
lots O
came O
to O
Italy O
from O
Maeonia O
with O
part O
of O
his O
people. B-LOC
This O
is B-LOC
also I-LOC
known O
as O
Tuscia O
but O
we O
ought O
not O
to O
say O
Tuscia O
because B-LOC
we O
never O
see O
it O
in O
writing. O
Apulia O
[where O
Brindisi O
is O
located O
which O
the B-LOC
Aetolians O
who B-LOC
had I-LOC
followed O
Diomedesas O
leader O
founded]. O
Campania O
[has O
territories B-PER
that O
are O
green O
in B-LOC
winter I-LOC
and O
in O
summer. O
There O
the O
sun O
is O
mild O
the O
temperature O
pleasing O
and O
the O
air O
pure O
and O
gentle]. O
Gaul O
(Gallia) O
is O
so O
called O
from O
the O
whiteness O
of O
its O
people. B-LOC
The O
mountains O
and O
the O
chilliness O
of O
the O
sky O
keep O
the O
heat O
of O
the O
sun O
from O
this O
region O
so O
that O
the O
whiteness O
of O
bodies O
does O
not O
darken O
in O
color. O
The O
Alpine O
ridges O
overlook O
it O
from O
the O
east O
and O
the O
Ocean O
limits O
it O
in O
the O
west O
the O
rugged O
terrain O
of O
the O
Pyrenees O
in O
the O
south O
and O
in O
the O
north O
the O
river O
Rhine B-LOC
and O
Germania. O
It O
begins O
with O
Belgica O
and O
ends B-LOC
with O
Aquitania. B-LOC
The O
region O
is O
characterized B-LOC
by O
rich O
and B-LOC
grassy I-LOC
soil O
and O
is O
well O
suited O
for O
animal O
husbandry O
well O
watered O
by O
streams O
and O
springs O
with O
the O
two O
great O
rivers O
Rhine O
and O
Rhone O
flowing O
through O
it. O
Belgis O
is O
a O
city O
in B-LOC
Gaul O
from B-LOC
which O
the O
province O
Belgica O
is O
named. O
Cisalpine O
Gaul O
is O
so O
called O
because O
it B-LOC
is I-LOC
‘on O
this O
side B-LOC
of I-LOC
the I-LOC
Alps; I-LOC
Transalpine O
Gaul O
that O
is O
‘across O
the O
Alps’ O
to O
the B-LOC
north. O
Raetia O
is O
so O
called O
because O
it O
is O
next B-LOC
to O
the O
Rhine O
(Rhenum). O
Aquitania O
owes O
its O
name O
to O
the O
transverse O
‘waters’ B-LOC
(aqua) B-LOC
of B-LOC
the I-LOC
river I-LOC
Loire O
(Liger) O
which O
is O
the O
boundary O
of O
most O
of O
it O
and O
which O
encloses B-LOC
it O
almost O
in O
a O
circle. O
Hispania O
was O
first O
named O
‘Iberia’ O
after O
the O
river O
Iberus O
(Ebro) O
later B-LOC
‘Hispania’ O
from O
Hispalis O
(Seville). O
This O
is B-LOC
the I-LOC
real B-LOC
Hesperia O
named B-LOC
after I-LOC
Hesperus O
the B-LOC
evening B-LOC
star. O
It O
is O
situated O
between B-LOC
Africa O
and O
Gaul O
closed B-PER
off O
by O
the O
Pyrenees O
mountains O
to O
the O
north O
and B-LOC
everywhere O
else O
shut O
in O
by O
the O
sea. B-LOC
It O
is O
temperate O
in O
its O
healthy O
climate O
abundant O
in O
all O
types O
of O
produce O
and O
very O
rich O
in O
its O
abundance O
of O
precious O
stones O
and O
metals. O
Great O
rivers O
flow O
through O
it O
the O
Baetis O
(Guadalquivir) O
Mineus O
(Miño) O
Iberus O
(Ebro) O
and O
Tagus O
(Tajo) O
which O
carries O
gold B-LOC
just I-LOC
like O
the B-LOC
Pactolus. O
It O
is O
composed B-LOC
of O
six B-LOC
provinces O
the O
Tarraconian O
(Tarragona) O
the O
Cartagenian O
Lusitania O
Gallicia O
Baetica O
and O
across O
the O
straits O
in B-LOC
Africa I-LOC
the O
Tingitanian O
(Tangiers). O
Furthermore B-LOC
there O
are O
two O
Spains O
Inner O
Spain O
whose B-LOC
area O
extends O
in O
the O
north B-LOC
from I-LOC
the O
Pyrenees O
to O
Cartagena; O
and O
Outer O
Spain O
which B-LOC
in O
the O
south O
extends O
from O
Celtiberia O
to O
the B-LOC
straits I-LOC
of B-LOC
Cadiz. I-LOC
Inner O
and B-LOC
Outer B-LOC
are O
so O
called O
as B-LOC
if I-LOC
it O
were O
citra O
and B-LOC
ultra; I-LOC
but O
citra O
is O
formed O
as B-LOC
if O
the O
term O
were O
‘around O
the O
earth’ O
and O
ultra O
either O
because O
it O
is O
the O
last O
(ultimus) O
or O
because O
after O
it O
there O
is O
not O
‘any’ O
(ulla) O
that O
is O
any O
other O
land. O