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title: dh (2).txt
author: 
source: 
publication-date: 
layout: narrative
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I. AFTER him MAXIMIN[^cda5122a-486a-48c7-85e1-8d4c7c18f829] came to the throne, the first emperor[^6443a55c-1a93-408f-b776-5aba811a9259] that was elected from the army[^4dda1874-7455-44ac-b62f-98df2aa8d6ce] by the will of the soldiers[^bcea6669-02e7-4c81-b011-53ca1d2e5a02], no approbation of the senate[^d91c5cba-bb62-4e7b-9792-561723b72509] being given, and he himself[^c086f60e-403a-4b16-8bea-f82302a3a337] not being a senator[^072be58b-39d9-430c-912f-5a0f63dcc51f]. After conducting a successful war against the Germans[^f29c574f-c58f-4a8e-a94f-4bc3ad18406d], and being on that account saluted Imperator[^91c3c5be-f9ec-4262-9cf4-d7d8e94758a0] by his troops, he[^48030c31-8557-46a9-adfb-9ea6185c929a] was slain by Pupienus[^29041c63-b283-4a19-972b-6cc64f78adf7] at Aquileia, together with his son who was then but a boy, his soldiers forsaking him. He had reigned, with his son, three years and a few days.

II. There were then three emperor[^00dbba62-8828-49bf-a246-9d2bc8189d62]s at the same time, PUPIENUS[^17a236ec-efa4-4200-9a8e-03a7cfb83bec], BALBINUS[^e7e58428-43f7-4de6-bd53-e3df2a265be4], and GORDIAN[^d9152722-f6cf-4a2e-9647-7abc494b1b61], the two former of very obscure origin, the last of noble birth; for the elder Gordian[^a8594baa-83cf-43bf-b184-7ca1fee2c37c], his father, had been chosen prince[^c9009cab-3b1f-4cb0-a41d-c7ce9d26b986] by the consent of the soldiery[^c1209262-4e2c-4f08-83fb-ae14d259b465] in the reign of Maximin[^1907954a-dcf1-4130-b9f5-ba2c32f1e504], when he held the proconsulship[^bcdc7403-e25e-4053-baad-bb9a18f752f1] of Africa. When Balbinus[^f44da1ad-0dea-49bd-b381-d796faabc435] and Pupienus[^be58f685-ee34-4d47-bd5e-0624c6440e3d] came to Rome, they were killed in the palace[^df483e9b-ad7d-45ef-8f86-ae2c4f015b67]; and the empire[^03f7e9ab-719c-4e0a-b8e5-13b4e6c5e543] was given to Gordian[^5aec0d3b-cc39-4705-bf47-2d6f1613aba1] alone.

After Gordian[^e32a3fa6-1aba-4d70-ab33-12ab86cd77f4], when quite a boy, had married Tranquillina[^1ecbcaed-157b-445c-881c-27181aeeed2c] at Rome, he opened the temple of Janus[^0554e7d4-f6ec-42ab-acfc-5d0f4be8fa0e], and, setting out for the |518 east, made war upon the Parthians[^e84cfe17-a081-4b93-8202-afa7fa505331], who were then proceeding to make an irruption. This war he soon conducted with success, and made havoc of the Persians[^e3c7dc00-0205-461d-ba13-29db8afc79d2] in great battles. As he was returning, he was killed, not far from the Roman[^1b27403b-5404-4c44-bcab-2ba8d82eab4e] boundaries, by the treachery of Philip[^aba1dc3a-71f2-4837-9a4c-160b0e10f825] who reigned after him. The Roman[^00274984-bde5-4719-a246-b71be845e8eb] soldiers raised a monument for him, twenty miles from Circessus[^88d5c303-a2c2-4523-9064-c3b997194370], which is now a fortress of the Romans[^e210b678-e00b-44f6-9dfd-2077ebb811ef], overlooking the Euphrates. His relics they brought to Rome, and gave him the title of god.

III. When Gordian[^58fdbc18-d97d-494f-acde-326b9f22d43a] was killed, the two PHILIPS[^3452cb5a-7b53-4976-b0a9-45dda18469af], father[^ac24245c-0fef-428c-b033-0c51131c9d94] and son[^0cc61e74-2864-43c6-af39-bec0481dd2e9], seized on the government, and, having brought off the army[^af82c7e7-9f06-4648-ae8d-4801cacdce54] safe, set out from Syria for Italy. In their reign the thousandth year of the city of Rome was celebrated with games and spectacles of vast magnificence. Soon after, both of them were put to death by the soldiery[^cee5552d-d6c0-4f5a-97ef-608a7291edf3]; the elder Philip[^167d88b1-5172-4eda-80d0-67e8c7ffc9c2] at Verona, the younger[^a7065797-a15a-41f7-8c6b-e592bafb6610] at Rome. They reigned but five years. They were however ranked among the gods.

IV. After these, DECIUS[^1ce14f48-9641-4456-9a55-eba8f2d4b2b7], a native of Lower Pannonia[^aace3c30-4f55-4b71-95f2-f535f635b3db], born at Budalia, assumed the government. He suppressed a civil war which had been raised in Gaul[^47090b09-f1aa-4beb-b89f-ba60f31c0861]. He created his son Caesar[^e2b2ac9e-ae60-4996-b101-52dd371232d2]. He built a bath at Rome. When he and his son[^a251e2a8-553d-40f8-b310-4a33435733d9] had reigned two years, they were both killed in the country of the Barbarians[^be26c2f6-1f45-441c-ac0d-6be209533158], and enrolled among the gods.

V. Immediately after, GALLUS[^7f784b52-88b3-4776-b3a1-f554f65fe22b], HOSTILIANUS[^db9638a7-5419-49d6-b157-c79211d9a17f], and VOLUSIANUS[^edeb7bbf-146a-4c19-adba-43933b0927a4] the son of Gallus[^d3ac176e-a7a2-4ecd-aff1-319f4fbf5007], were created emperor[^02ff9e2d-fda2-4893-9dca-8435b963c58f]s. In their reign Aemilianus[^e78b4a13-e2ee-434a-8275-c026b4251b42] attempted an insurrection[^fb06e911-61c7-4cd7-a21e-ebb7aaaa5557] in Moesia; and both 60 of them, setting out to stop his progress, were slain at Interamna, when they had not quite completed a reign of two years. They did nothing of any account. Their reign was remarkable only for a pestilence, and for other diseases and afflictions.

VI. AEMILIANUS[^f791c92b-1bd9-4edb-90cd-0c914cd9ccd6] was little distinguished by birth, and less distinguished by his reign, in the third month of which he was cut off. 61

VII. LICINIUS VALERIAN[^d41a264d-a76e-4cfd-b56b-277e729f88a6], who was then employed in Rhaetia and Noricum, was next made general by the army[^8b635073-ef87-48aa-98b7-f9032d0d6670], and soon after emperor[^ada9397a-58fb-41e1-a1d0-6cc30930f67d]. GALLIENUS[^d226d296-1bbb-483a-b13d-977e9fdeeeaf] also received the title of Caesar[^9315b49f-1251-4e80-9b51-1cd62c5d4391] from the senate[^068e0269-ba2d-44f3-947a-5d99e4748d86] at Rome. The reign of these prince[^c39c03d6-abc5-4619-8125-2a984fa0f3ea]s was |519 injurious, and almost fatal, to the Roman[^26b382f3-8367-4aaf-bcd8-9038af2a643f] name, either through their ill-fortune or want of energy. The Germans[^f313294f-7274-4672-881b-957e76335dbe] advanced as far as Ravenna. Valerian[^cb2974c0-d510-4c21-aa70-c36f68b39680], while he was occupied in a war in Mesopotamia, was overthrown by Sapor king of Persia[^82ecff95-4be1-4989-9e0f-c074068f7781], and being soon after made prisoner, grew old in ignominious slavery among the Parthians[^50f7c519-6212-4128-ba2d-2682378353ca].

VIII. Gallienus[^d6893055-dcd9-4c91-bd49-eb8b1eb8c2ff], who was made emperor[^e6c2332b-1d71-4cb2-ad24-fa11b4e99407] when quite a young man, exercised his power at first happily, afterwards fairly, and at last mischievously. In his youth he performed many gallant acts in Gaul[^f48548df-b886-4378-a77b-e726019e5526] and Illyricum, killing Ingenuus[^4c8fca58-8951-44d8-be3a-47b40fa71b5f], who had assumed the purple, at Mursa, and Regalianus[^9be98aea-81a0-42bd-b771-1021c84ceee0]. He was then for a long time quiet and gentle; afterwards, abandoning himself to all manner of licentiousness, he relaxed the reins of government with disgraceful inactivity and carelesness. The Alemanni[^5e88f4ec-f87c-4594-a4d2-5e22fbdf2668], having laid waste Gaul[^73613a29-cdb3-4eb9-9f2e-83f10fe4aef4], penetrated into Italy. Dacia, which had been added to the empire[^65855a13-3ef5-4e17-89a5-a583b62a7b80] beyond the Danube, was lost. Greece, Macedonia, Pontus, Asia, were devastated by the Goths[^91323b8c-ae28-493d-a0c6-7bf53fe12f25]. Pannonia was depopulated by the Sarmatians[^ddb93ace-868c-4bf7-905b-9d632e30738c] and Quadi[^84e6fb78-9261-4c83-9471-004ae5708f13]. The Germans[^8bf1ce26-7d19-4ebb-b6e1-2cbb9aafedc8] made their way as far as Spain, and took the noble city of Tarraco. The Parthians[^3d4aaace-918d-4688-a426-9da34e7fe0df], after taking possession of Mesopotamia, began to bring Syria under their power.

IX. When affairs were in this desperate condition, and the Roman[^4a2c5862-56aa-4412-bd5f-d2ee17ad6e2a] empire[^2151a8db-ff03-4b3f-be39-03602e6068c2] almost ruined, POSTUMUS[^25eb6765-ef18-445c-99f1-0fdba0163317], a man of very obscure birth, assumed the purple in Gaul, and held the government with such ability for ten years, that he recruited the provinces, which had been almost ruined, by his great energy and judgment; but he was killed in a mutiny of the army[^80f60cc0-214f-4385-9d47-acce8d7bc5ca], because he would not deliver up Moguntiacum, which had rebelled against him, to be plundered by the soldiers, at the time when Lucius Aelianus[^ddaaa7ba-f65b-4496-9a2d-cdc3bf10423b] was endeavouring to effect a change of government.

After him Marius[^35ca4f46-6f40-44b8-8702-f58946ae611f], a contemptible mechanic,63 assumed the purple, and was killed two days after. Victorinus[^10bd98aa-b984-4981-8698-7f30dc39fd55] then took on himself the government of Gaul; a man of great energy; but, as he was abandoned to excessive licentiousness, and corrupted other men's wives, he was assassinated at |520 Agrippina,64 in the second year of his reign, one of his secretaries having contrived a plot against him.

X. To him succeeded Tetricus[^64a4d7af-10b2-427e-a6c8-e55c2fe95923], a senator, who, when he was governing Aquitania with the title of prefect, was chosen emperor[^1b6829d9-6af3-4e89-a591-9348980c1c43] in his absence, and assumed the purple at Bourdeaux. He had to endure many insurrections among the soldiery[^2aae0774-9f01-411b-890c-bff9a2861e2a]. But while these transactions were passing in Gaul, the Persians, in the east, were overthrown by Odenathus[^c03cea9b-0d21-4565-b274-ab9feef172de], who, having defended Syria and recovered Mesopotamia, penetrated into the country as far as Ctesiphon.

XI. Thus, while Gallienus[^7023ac85-cc64-481f-8254-10dba1128acf] abandoned the government, the Roman[^d94b4396-8fde-45ac-97c0-ac941aa434de] empire[^dbd6f88f-f519-4c54-97df-205027537266] was saved in the west by Posthumus[^5dddaa5c-f70d-4d9f-8676-8e554138709a], and in the east by Odenathus[^2f144c98-758b-4f54-94cd-2ae67d096ab0]. Meanwhile Gallienus[^e6fe6325-6219-4c7e-8614-d83e38d22b56] was killed at Milan, together with his brother, in the ninth year of his reign, and CLAUDIUS[^e30e021d-84be-4610-a85c-6a058813eb8a] succeeded him, being chosen by the soldiers, and declared emperor[^68e5aab3-815a-4d1b-94c9-55ba0088a523] by the senate[^b1a56e62-4689-454b-bf66-ea4a22df7458]. Claudius[^4dc47857-73c7-4e61-a0b3-c6af57a46500] defeated the Goths[^a78f0e40-4897-42bb-91f3-a435acdfc1a2], who were laying waste Illyricum and Macedonia, in a great battle. He was a frugal and modest man, strictly observant of justice, and well qualified for governing the empire[^55ed03e1-fb5e-4cf8-a63b-2e50ef762bc2]. He was however carried off by disease within two years after he began to reign, and had the title of a god. The senate[^d5561ee8-e80f-42f5-a532-429ab9e53b5e] honoured him with extraordinary distinctions, insomuch that a golden shield was hung up to him in the senate[^5c39bf93-130f-4e7b-a481-4255258052f4] house, and a golden statue erected to him in the Capitol.

XII. After him QUINTILLUS[^fffd43a5-0267-4c45-b01b-5cc08aef27db], the brother of Claudius[^16c103b0-6897-4b38-a2dd-a2655bde5450], was elected emperor[^4b462cf2-db1f-4ef5-b0a8-683802fa1e52] by agreement among the soldiers, a man of singular moderation and aptitude for governing, comparable, or perhaps superior, to his brother. He received the title of emperor[^361bc493-41a1-4623-8b9b-f62b2a9c6f7a] with the consent of the senate[^58043677-e651-497f-9469-49cfd948c9df], and was killed on the seventeenth day of his reign.

XIII. After his death AURELIAN[^7af72570-9619-401a-9bc3-512a37787f3c] succeeded to the throne. He was born in Dacia Ripensis, and was a man of ability in war, but of an ungovernable temper, and too much inclined to cruelty. He defeated the Goths[^d1a0c1d6-b83b-483e-989e-80f853fc9904] with great vigour, and extended the Roman empire[^3e2806a3-6614-441b-bd38-0182e4d68f5c], by various successes in the field, to its former limits. He overthrew Tetricus[^311f2913-90f3-4380-b674-1aef786969f5] at Catalauni 65  |521 in Gaul, Tetricus[^54513217-de34-450d-b81d-e43e1be73976] himself, indeed, betraying his own army, whose constant mutinies he was unable to bear; and he had even by secret letters entreated Aurelian[^f3b32fc3-eb13-401d-91cd-bce24cddabf8] to march towards him, using, among other solicitations, the verse of Virgil[^b0c0590d-9031-4cb6-830b-1417025df901]:----

Eripe me his, invicte, malis. 
Unconquer'd hero, free me from these ills.[^dff3e258-04b2-4585-a042-a1225345aef2]

He also took prisoner Zenobia[^04e47d9c-4118-433e-b729-a7499bd1e007], who, having killed her husband Odenathus[^50598b75-88b3-4c96-bd92-e7ad3b4b842f], was mistress of the east, in a battle of no great importance near Antioch, and, entering Rome, celebrated a magnificent triumph, as recoverer of the east and the west, Tetricus[^56bafd4a-40fe-4cef-bed2-28171d3d19fa] 66 and Zenobia[^24655d43-13c3-4d86-b1eb-00802001c314] going before his chariot. This Tetricus[^7172b3bb-0b43-4bd3-bc83-fb813dca8420] was afterwards governor of Lucania, and lived long after he was divested of the purple. Zenobia[^77fc4d86-f870-439f-8119-641cb3939654] left descendants, who still live at Rome.

XIV. In his reign, the people of the mint raised a rebellion in the city, after having adulterated the money, and put to death Felicissimus[^4973a9ad-a602-4724-9340-6b1909528ee0] the commissioner of the treasury. Aurelian[^8f83b4fc-936d-45cd-8d01-b8b13643bbe7] suppressed them with the utmost severity; several noblemen he condemned to death. He was indeed cruel and sanguinary, and rather an emperor[^976a30e4-ebd2-49cc-ab3f-dfafb2804450] necessary for the times in some respects than an amiable one in any. He was always severe, and put to death even the son of his own sister. He was however a reformer, in a great degree, of military discipline and dissoluteness of manners.

XV. He surrounded the city of Rome with stronger walls. He built a temple to the Sun[^28e8a6d6-7218-41fd-9b3c-637054b42270], in which he put a vast quantity of gold and precious stones. The province of Dacia, which Trajan[^34b4e94d-0608-42f8-a0a0-6282ce8c1b34] had formed beyond the Danube, he gave up, despairing, after all Illyricum and Moesia had been depopulated, of being able to retain it. The Roman[^438ae550-d5dc-4b56-bacc-6c1e0acf2eab] citizens, removed from the town and lands of Dacia, he settled in the interior of Moesia, calling that Dacia which now divides the two Moesiae, and which is on the right hand of the Danube as it runs to the sea, whereas Dacia was previously on the left. He was killed through the treachery of one of his own slaves, who carried to certain military men, the friends of Aurelian[^abe79716-296b-4e69-838d-e27bccc81ccf], their own names entered upon a list, having counterfeited the hand of Aurelian[^c5f5cfad-0e93-4d3b-8b2a-4c15e18b76cf], and making it appear that he intended to put them to death. That he might be prevented from doing so, he was assassinated |522 by them in the middle of the road, the old paved way, which is between Constantinople and Heraclea. The place is called Caenophrurium. But his death was not unavenged.67 He also gained the honour of being enrolled among the gods. He reigned five years and six months.

XVI. After him TACITUS[^1254081f-8e1c-4452-9868-82cb0a3c7d69] succeeded to the throne; a man of excellent morals, and well qualified to govern the empire[^852f7c1e-0c69-43bc-a551-901a3c29cfe3]. He was unable, however, to show the world anything remarkable, being cut off by death in the sixth mouth of his reign. FLORIANUS[^c89f7998-17cb-4bd1-85f1-5bbce0ce38c0], who succeeded Tacitus[^b9451530-75bd-4e57-ac3b-e8a39587174e], was on the throne only two mouths and twenty days, and did nothing worthy of mention.

XVII. PROBUS[^949e84a2-58b3-42fb-bc10-7986a3c8710d] then succeeded to the government, a man rendered illustrious by the distinction which he obtained in war. He recovered Gaul, which had been seized by the Barbarians[^e3a85f71-3ed7-46e0-8f67-3b3e6376c566], by remarkable successes in the field. He also suppressed, in several battles, some persons that attempted to seize the throne, as Saturninus[^895fa408-e0b7-4ee7-9a89-8b3baa085baa] in the east, and Proculus[^269435fd-7d8c-48e3-a138-d02afd0971a3] and Bonosus[^72138517-f237-4200-b706-1219b16148d3] at Agrippina. He allowed the Gauls[^a84cfac1-9e80-49b0-b70f-b43c992a828f] and Cannonians[^c56c4812-3512-4de0-8c1b-40512384770e] to have vineyards. By obliging his soldiers to work, too, he planted vineyards on Mount Alma[^e2dada11-b9ce-4b0b-869a-d1195d7f871c] in Sirmium, and on Mount Aureus in Upper Moesia, and left them to the people of the provinces to cultivate. After he had gone through a great number of wars, and had at last obtained peace, he observed, that "in a short time soldiers would not be wanted." He was a man of spirit, activity, and justice, equalling Aurelian[^48eed958-8646-48fe-b95e-57115c0b6c64] in military glory, and surpassing him in affability of manners. He was killed, however, at Sirmium, in an iron turret, during an insurrection[^f1c9c2df-a8df-4a70-96cd-1342fe0e44c0] of the soldiery. He reigned six years and four months.

[^cda5122a-486a-48c7-85e1-8d4c7c18f829]: Maximinus Thrax ("the Thracian") or Maximinus I (Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus; c. 173 – May 238) was Roman emperor from 235 to 238. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax

[^6443a55c-1a93-408f-b776-5aba811a9259]: type of monarch

[^4dda1874-7455-44ac-b62f-98df2aa8d6ce]: terrestrial forces of Roman governments

[^bcea6669-02e7-4c81-b011-53ca1d2e5a02]: a solider is one who fights as part of a military

[^d91c5cba-bb62-4e7b-9792-561723b72509]: type of legislative body, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature

[^c086f60e-403a-4b16-8bea-f82302a3a337]: Maximinus Thrax (235-238 A.D.) http://www.roman-emperors.org/maxthrax.htm

[^072be58b-39d9-430c-912f-5a0f63dcc51f]: member of a senate, usually the upper house of a legislature

[^f29c574f-c58f-4a8e-a94f-4bc3ad18406d]: people of German descent

[^91c3c5be-f9ec-4262-9cf4-d7d8e94758a0]: rank in ancient Rome

[^48030c31-8557-46a9-adfb-9ea6185c929a]: Maximinus Thrax (235-238 A.D.) http://www.roman-emperors.org/maxthrax.htm

[^29041c63-b283-4a19-972b-6cc64f78adf7]: Pupienus (Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus; born c. 165/170 – 29 July 238) was Roman emperor with Balbinus for three months in 238 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupienus

[^00dbba62-8828-49bf-a246-9d2bc8189d62]: type of monarch

[^17a236ec-efa4-4200-9a8e-03a7cfb83bec]: Pupienus (Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus; born c. 165/170 – 29 July 238) was Roman emperor with Balbinus for three months in 238 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupienus

[^e7e58428-43f7-4de6-bd53-e3df2a265be4]: Balbinus (Decimus Caelius Calvinus Balbinus;[1] died 29 July 238) was Roman emperor with Pupienus for three months in 238, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balbinus

[^d9152722-f6cf-4a2e-9647-7abc494b1b61]: Gordian III (Latin: Marcus Antonius Gordianus; 20 January 225 – 11 February 244 AD) was Roman emperor from AD 238 to 244. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordian_III

[^a8594baa-83cf-43bf-b184-7ca1fee2c37c]: Gordian III (Latin: Marcus Antonius Gordianus; 20 January 225 – 11 February 244 AD) was Roman emperor from AD 238 to 244. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordian_III

[^c9009cab-3b1f-4cb0-a41d-c7ce9d26b986]: son of a prince, king, queen, emperor or empress, or other high-ranking person

[^c1209262-4e2c-4f08-83fb-ae14d259b465]: a collective of soldiers

[^1907954a-dcf1-4130-b9f5-ba2c32f1e504]: Maximinus Thrax (235-238 A.D.)http://www.roman-emperors.org/maxthrax.htm

[^bcdc7403-e25e-4053-baad-bb9a18f752f1]: an official of ancient Rome who acted on behalf of a consul

[^f44da1ad-0dea-49bd-b381-d796faabc435]: Balbinus (Decimus Caelius Calvinus Balbinus;[1] died 29 July 238) was Roman emperor with Pupienus for three months in 238, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balbinus

[^be58f685-ee34-4d47-bd5e-0624c6440e3d]: Pupienus (Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus; born c. 165/170 – 29 July 238) was Roman emperor with Balbinus for three months in 238 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupienus

[^df483e9b-ad7d-45ef-8f86-ae2c4f015b67]: grand residence, especially a royal residence or the home of a head of state

[^03f7e9ab-719c-4e0a-b8e5-13b4e6c5e543]: geographically extensive group of states and peoples united and ruled either by a central authority or a central figure

[^5aec0d3b-cc39-4705-bf47-2d6f1613aba1]: Gordian III (Latin: Marcus Antonius Gordianus; 20 January 225 – 11 February 244 AD) was Roman emperor from AD 238 to 244. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordian_III

[^e32a3fa6-1aba-4d70-ab33-12ab86cd77f4]: Gordian III (Latin: Marcus Antonius Gordianus; 20 January 225 – 11 February 244 AD) was Roman emperor from AD 238 to 244. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordian_III

[^1ecbcaed-157b-445c-881c-27181aeeed2c]: Furia Sabinia Tranquillina (225 - 244 A. D.) was the Empress of Rome and wife of Emperor Gordian III. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranquillina

[^0554e7d4-f6ec-42ab-acfc-5d0f4be8fa0e]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Janus_(Roman_Forum)https://www.google.com/maps/place/Temple+of+Janus/@41.896751,12.4752662,20z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x132f604effffffff:0xeff91de5839a4eee!8m2!3d41.8966008!4d12.4753205

[^e84cfe17-a081-4b93-8202-afa7fa505331]: The Parthian Empire (/ˈpɑːrθiən/; 247 BC – 224 AD), also known as the Arsacid Empire (/ˈɑːrsəsɪd/), was a major Iranian political and cultural power in ancient Iran. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire#:~:text=The%20Parthian%20Empire%20(%2F%CB%88p,cultural%20power%20in%20ancient%20Iran.

The Parthian Empire (/ˈpɑːrθiən/; 247 BC – 224 AD), also known as the Arsacid Empire (/ˈɑːrsəsɪd/), was a major Iranian political and cultural power in ancient Iran https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire

[^e3c7dc00-0205-461d-ba13-29db8afc79d2]: The Persians are an Iranian ethnic group that make up over half the population of Iran. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persians

[^1b27403b-5404-4c44-bcab-2ba8d82eab4e]: of the roman empire; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire

[^aba1dc3a-71f2-4837-9a4c-160b0e10f825]: Philip the Arab (Latin: Marcus Julius Philippus 'Arabus'; c. 204 – September 249) was Roman emperor from 244 to 249. He was born in Aurantis, Arabia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Arab

[^00274984-bde5-4719-a246-b71be845e8eb]: of the roman empire; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire

[^88d5c303-a2c2-4523-9064-c3b997194370]: Circesium (KERKESION, KERKISION, KIRKISIA, CERCUSIUM, CIRCESSUS), a titular see of Osrhoene. Founded under Diocletian and restored by Justinian, it is now identified with the village Abu Serai, on the left bank of the Euphrates, at the confluence of the Khabur, where the river was commonly crossed. https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/circesium

[^e210b678-e00b-44f6-9dfd-2077ebb811ef]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire

[^58fdbc18-d97d-494f-acde-326b9f22d43a]: Gordian III (Latin: Marcus Antonius Gordianus; 20 January 225 – 11 February 244 AD) was Roman emperor from AD 238 to 244. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordian_III

[^3452cb5a-7b53-4976-b0a9-45dda18469af]: Philip the Arab and Philip II

[^ac24245c-0fef-428c-b033-0c51131c9d94]: Philip the Arab (Latin: Marcus Julius Philippus 'Arabus'; c. 204 – September 249) was Roman emperor from 244 to 249. He was born in Aurantis, Arabia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Arab

[^0cc61e74-2864-43c6-af39-bec0481dd2e9]: Philip II (Latin: Marcus Julius Severus Philippus; 237 – 249), also known as Philip the Younger, was the son and heir of the Roman Emperor Philip the Arab by his wife Marcia Otacilia Severa. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)

[^af82c7e7-9f06-4648-ae8d-4801cacdce54]: terrestrial forces of Roman governments

[^cee5552d-d6c0-4f5a-97ef-608a7291edf3]: a collective of soldiers

[^167d88b1-5172-4eda-80d0-67e8c7ffc9c2]: Philip the Arab at an old age.

[^a7065797-a15a-41f7-8c6b-e592bafb6610]: Philip II (Latin: Marcus Julius Severus Philippus; 237 – 249), also known as Philip the Younger, was the son and heir of the Roman Emperor Philip the Arab by his wife Marcia Otacilia Severa. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)

[^1ce14f48-9641-4456-9a55-eba8f2d4b2b7]: Trajan Decius (/ˈtreɪdʒən ˈdiːʃəs, ˈdɛʃəs/; Latin: Gaius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius; c. 201 – June 251) was Roman emperor from 249 to 251. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decius

[^aace3c30-4f55-4b71-95f2-f535f635b3db]: Pannonia Inferior, lit. Lower Pannonia, was a province of the Roman Empire. Its capital was Sirmium. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia_Inferior

[^47090b09-f1aa-4beb-b89f-ba60f31c0861]: Gaul (Latin: Gallia) was a region of Western Europe first described by the Romans. It was inhabited by Celtic tribes, encompassing present day France, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Switzerland, and parts of Northern Italy, the Netherlands, and Germany, particularly the west bank of the Rhine. It covered an area of 494,000 km2 (191,000 sq mi). According to Julius Caesar, Gaul was divided into three parts: Gallia Celtica, Belgica, and Aquitania.

[^e2b2ac9e-ae60-4996-b101-52dd371232d2]: According to wikipedia, he elevated his son Hostilian to Caesar in may 251, while his other son (Herennius) was bestowed the title in 250 without mention of whether his father was the one who did it. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostilian https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus

[^a251e2a8-553d-40f8-b310-4a33435733d9]: Trajan Decius and Herennius Etruscus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decius https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus

[^be26c2f6-1f45-441c-ac0d-6be209533158]: There is no specific "country of the Barbarians", it's what the Romans called lands outside of the Roman Empire (according to wikipedia). The mentioned battle took place in Abritus. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Abritus

[^7f784b52-88b3-4776-b3a1-f554f65fe22b]: Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus (206 – August 253) was Roman emperor from June 251 to August 253 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus

[^db9638a7-5419-49d6-b157-c79211d9a17f]: Hostilian (Latin: Gaius Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus; died November 251) was Roman emperor from July to November 251. Hostilian was born to Decius and Herennia Etruscilla at an unknown datehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostilian

[^edeb7bbf-146a-4c19-adba-43933b0927a4]: Volusianus (Gaius Vibius Volusianus; died August 253) was a Roman emperor from November 251 to August 253 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volusianus

[^d3ac176e-a7a2-4ecd-aff1-319f4fbf5007]: Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus (206 – August 253) was Roman emperor from June 251 to August 253 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus

[^02ff9e2d-fda2-4893-9dca-8435b963c58f]: type of monarch

[^e78b4a13-e2ee-434a-8275-c026b4251b42]: Aemilianus (Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus; c. 207/213 – September 253), also known as Aemilian, was Roman emperor for three months in 253. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aemilianus

[^fb06e911-61c7-4cd7-a21e-ebb7aaaa5557]: a violent uprising against an authority or government

[^f791c92b-1bd9-4edb-90cd-0c914cd9ccd6]: Aemilianus (Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus; c. 207/213 – September 253), also known as Aemilian, was Roman emperor for three months in 253. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aemilianus

[^d41a264d-a76e-4cfd-b56b-277e729f88a6]: Valerian (/vəˈlɪəriən/; Latin: Publius Licinius Valerianus; c. 199 – 260 or 264) was Roman emperor from 22 October 253 to spring 260 AD. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)

[^8b635073-ef87-48aa-98b7-f9032d0d6670]: terrestrial forces of Roman governments

[^ada9397a-58fb-41e1-a1d0-6cc30930f67d]: type of monarch

[^d226d296-1bbb-483a-b13d-977e9fdeeeaf]: Gallienus (/ˌɡæliˈɛnəs/; Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus; c. 218 – September 268) was Roman emperor with his father Valerian from 22 October 253 to spring 260 and alone from spring 260 to September 268. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallienus

[^9315b49f-1251-4e80-9b51-1cd62c5d4391]: Caesar (Latin: [ˈkae̯.sar]English pl. Caesars; Latin pl. Caesares; in Greek: Καῖσᾰρ Kaîsar) is a title of imperial character. It derives from the cognomen of Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator. The change from being a familial name to a title adopted by the Roman Emperors can be dated to about 68/69 AD, the so-called "Year of the Four Emperors". https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_(title)

[^068e0269-ba2d-44f3-947a-5d99e4748d86]: type of legislative body, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature

[^c39c03d6-abc5-4619-8125-2a984fa0f3ea]: son of a prince, king, queen, emperor or empress, or other high-ranking person

[^26b382f3-8367-4aaf-bcd8-9038af2a643f]: of the roman empire; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire

[^f313294f-7274-4672-881b-957e76335dbe]: people of German descent

[^cb2974c0-d510-4c21-aa70-c36f68b39680]: Valerian (/vəˈlɪəriən/; Latin: Publius Licinius Valerianus; c. 199 – 260 or 264) was Roman emperor from 22 October 253 to spring 260 AD. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)

[^82ecff95-4be1-4989-9e0f-c074068f7781]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapur_I ???

[^50f7c519-6212-4128-ba2d-2682378353ca]: The Parthian Empire (/ˈpɑːrθiən/; 247 BC – 224 AD), also known as the Arsacid Empire (/ˈɑːrsəsɪd/), was a major Iranian political and cultural power in ancient Iran https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire

[^d6893055-dcd9-4c91-bd49-eb8b1eb8c2ff]: Gallienus (/ˌɡæliˈɛnəs/; Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus; c. 218 – September 268) was Roman emperor with his father Valerian from 22 October 253 to spring 260 and alone from spring 260 to September 268. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallienus

[^e6c2332b-1d71-4cb2-ad24-fa11b4e99407]: type of monarch

[^f48548df-b886-4378-a77b-e726019e5526]: Gaul (Latin: Gallia) was a region of Western Europe first described by the Romans. It was inhabited by Celtic tribes, encompassing present day France, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Switzerland, and parts of Northern Italy, the Netherlands, and Germany, particularly the west bank of the Rhine. It covered an area of 494,000 km2 (191,000 sq mi). According to Julius Caesar, Gaul was divided into three parts: Gallia Celtica, Belgica, and Aquitania.

[^4c8fca58-8951-44d8-be3a-47b40fa71b5f]: Ingenuus was a Roman military commander, the imperial legate in Pannonia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingenuus

[^9be98aea-81a0-42bd-b771-1021c84ceee0]: P. C(assius?) Regalianus (died 260) was a Dacian general] who turned against the Roman Empire and became himself emperor for a brief period, being murdered by the hands who raised him to power.

[^5e88f4ec-f87c-4594-a4d2-5e22fbdf2668]: The Alemanni (also Alamanni; Suebi "Swabians") were a confederation of Germanic tribes on the Upper Rhine River. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanni

[^73613a29-cdb3-4eb9-9f2e-83f10fe4aef4]: Gaul (Latin: Gallia) was a region of Western Europe first described by the Romans. It was inhabited by Celtic tribes, encompassing present day France, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Switzerland, and parts of Northern Italy, the Netherlands, and Germany, particularly the west bank of the Rhine. It covered an area of 494,000 km2 (191,000 sq mi). According to Julius Caesar, Gaul was divided into three parts: Gallia Celtica, Belgica, and Aquitania.

[^65855a13-3ef5-4e17-89a5-a583b62a7b80]: geographically extensive group of states and peoples united and ruled either by a central authority or a central figure

[^91323b8c-ae28-493d-a0c6-7bf53fe12f25]: The Goths (Gothic: 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰, romanized: Gutþiuda; Latin: Gothi) were a Germanic people who played a major role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the emergence of Medieval Europe. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goths

The Goths (Gothic: 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰, romanized: Gutþiuda; Latin: Gothi) were a Germanic people who played a major role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the emergence of Medieval Europe. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goths

[^ddb93ace-868c-4bf7-905b-9d632e30738c]: The Sarmatians (/sɑːrˈmeɪʃiənz/; Greek: Σαρμάται, Σαυρομάται; Latin: Sarmatae [ˈsar.mat̪ae̯], Sauromatae [sau̯ˈrɔmat̪ae̯]) were a large Iranian confederation that existed in classical antiquity, flourishing from about the 5th century BC to the 4th century AD. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatians

[^84e6fb78-9261-4c83-9471-004ae5708f13]: The Quadi were an early Germanic people who lived approximately in the area of modern Moravia in the time of the Roman Empire. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadi

[^8bf1ce26-7d19-4ebb-b6e1-2cbb9aafedc8]: people of German descent

[^3d4aaace-918d-4688-a426-9da34e7fe0df]: The Parthian Empire (/ˈpɑːrθiən/; 247 BC – 224 AD), also known as the Arsacid Empire (/ˈɑːrsəsɪd/), was a major Iranian political and cultural power in ancient Iran https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire

[^4a2c5862-56aa-4412-bd5f-d2ee17ad6e2a]: of the roman empire; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire

[^2151a8db-ff03-4b3f-be39-03602e6068c2]: geographically extensive group of states and peoples united and ruled either by a central authority or a central figure

[^25eb6765-ef18-445c-99f1-0fdba0163317]: Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus was a Roman commander of Batavian origin who ruled as Emperor in the West. The Roman army in Gaul threw off its allegiance to Gallienus around the year 260, and Postumus assumed the title and powers of Emperor in the provinces of Gaul, Germania, Britannia and Hispania, thereby founding what scholars have dubbed the Gallic Empire.

[^80f60cc0-214f-4385-9d47-acce8d7bc5ca]: terrestrial forces of Roman governments

[^ddaaa7ba-f65b-4496-9a2d-cdc3bf10423b]: Lucius Aelius Lamia Plautius Aelianus (c. 45 – 81/96) was a Roman senator, described by Brian W. Jones as "the most eminent of the consular victims" of Domitian. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Aelius_Lamia_Plautius_Aelianus

[^35ca4f46-6f40-44b8-8702-f58946ae611f]: Marcus Aurelius Marius was emperor of the Gallic Empire in 269 following the assassination of Postumus. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Marius

[^10bd98aa-b984-4981-8698-7f30dc39fd55]: Marcus Piavonius Victorinus  was emperor in the Gallic provinces from 268 to 270 or 269 to 271, following the brief reign of Marius. He was murdered by a jealous husband whose wife he tried to seduce. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorinus

[^64a4d7af-10b2-427e-a6c8-e55c2fe95923]: Gaius Pius Esuvius Tetricus was the emperor of the Gallic Empire from 271 to 274. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetricus_I

[^1b6829d9-6af3-4e89-a591-9348980c1c43]: type of monarch

[^2aae0774-9f01-411b-890c-bff9a2861e2a]: a collective of soldiers

[^c03cea9b-0d21-4565-b274-ab9feef172de]: Septimius Odaenathus (Palmyrene: Dynt.png ['Dynt (Odainat)]; Arabic: أذينة‎ [Uḏaina]; c. 220 – 267) was the founder king (Mlk) of the Palmyrene Kingdom who ruled from Palmyra, Syria. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odaenathus

[^7023ac85-cc64-481f-8254-10dba1128acf]: Gallienus (/ˌɡæliˈɛnəs/; Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus; c. 218 – September 268) was Roman emperor with his father Valerian from 22 October 253 to spring 260 and alone from spring 260 to September 268. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallienus

[^d94b4396-8fde-45ac-97c0-ac941aa434de]: of the roman empire; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire

[^dbd6f88f-f519-4c54-97df-205027537266]: geographically extensive group of states and peoples united and ruled either by a central authority or a central figure

[^5dddaa5c-f70d-4d9f-8676-8e554138709a]: Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus was a Roman commander of Batavian origin who ruled as Emperor in the West. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postumus

[^2f144c98-758b-4f54-94cd-2ae67d096ab0]: Septimius Odaenathus (Palmyrene: Dynt.png ['Dynt (Odainat)]; Arabic: أذينة‎ [Uḏaina]; c. 220 – 267) was the founder king (Mlk) of the Palmyrene Kingdom who ruled from Palmyra, Syria. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odaenathus

[^e6fe6325-6219-4c7e-8614-d83e38d22b56]: Gallienus (/ˌɡæliˈɛnəs/; Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus; c. 218 – September 268) was Roman emperor with his father Valerian from 22 October 253 to spring 260 and alone from spring 260 to September 268. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallienus

[^e30e021d-84be-4610-a85c-6a058813eb8a]: Marcus Aurelius Claudius 'Gothicus' (10 May 214 – January 270), also known as Claudius II, was Roman emperor from 268 to 270. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus

[^68e5aab3-815a-4d1b-94c9-55ba0088a523]: type of monarch

[^b1a56e62-4689-454b-bf66-ea4a22df7458]: type of legislative body, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature

[^4dc47857-73c7-4e61-a0b3-c6af57a46500]: Marcus Aurelius Claudius 'Gothicus' (10 May 214 – January 270), also known as Claudius II, was Roman emperor from 268 to 270. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus

[^a78f0e40-4897-42bb-91f3-a435acdfc1a2]: The Goths (Gothic: 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰, romanized: Gutþiuda; Latin: Gothi) were a Germanic people who played a major role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the emergence of Medieval Europe. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goths

[^55ed03e1-fb5e-4cf8-a63b-2e50ef762bc2]: geographically extensive group of states and peoples united and ruled either by a central authority or a central figure

[^d5561ee8-e80f-42f5-a532-429ab9e53b5e]: type of legislative body, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature

[^5c39bf93-130f-4e7b-a481-4255258052f4]: type of legislative body, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature

[^fffd43a5-0267-4c45-b01b-5cc08aef27db]: Quintillus (Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus; died April 270) was Roman emperor for a few months in 270. He was a brother of Claudius Gothicus. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintillus

[^16c103b0-6897-4b38-a2dd-a2655bde5450]: Marcus Aurelius Claudius 'Gothicus' (10 May 214 – January 270), also known as Claudius II, was Roman emperor from 268 to 270. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus

[^4b462cf2-db1f-4ef5-b0a8-683802fa1e52]: type of monarch

[^361bc493-41a1-4623-8b9b-f62b2a9c6f7a]: type of monarch

[^58043677-e651-497f-9469-49cfd948c9df]: type of legislative body, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature

[^7af72570-9619-401a-9bc3-512a37787f3c]: Aurelian (Latin: Lucius Domitius Aurelianus; 9 September 214 – c. October 275) was Roman emperor from 270 to 275. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelian

[^d1a0c1d6-b83b-483e-989e-80f853fc9904]: The Goths (Gothic: 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰, romanized: Gutþiuda; Latin: Gothi) were a Germanic people who played a major role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the emergence of Medieval Europe. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goths

The Goths (Gothic: 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰, romanized: Gutþiuda; Latin: Gothi) were a Germanic people who played a major role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the emergence of Medieval Europe. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goths

[^3e2806a3-6614-441b-bd38-0182e4d68f5c]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire

[^311f2913-90f3-4380-b674-1aef786969f5]: Gaius Pius Esuvius Tetricus was the emperor of the Gallic Empire from 271 to 274. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetricus_I

[^54513217-de34-450d-b81d-e43e1be73976]: Gaius Pius Esuvius Tetricus was the emperor of the Gallic Empire from 271 to 274. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetricus_I

[^f3b32fc3-eb13-401d-91cd-bce24cddabf8]: Aurelian (Latin: Lucius Domitius Aurelianus; 9 September 214 – c. October 275) was Roman emperor from 270 to 275. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelian

[^b0c0590d-9031-4cb6-830b-1417025df901]: Publius Vergilius Maro (Classical Latin: [ˈpuːbli.ʊs wɛrˈɡɪli.ʊs ˈmaroː]; traditional dates 15 October 70 BC – 21 September 19 BC),[1] usually called Virgil or Vergil (/ˈvɜːrdʒɪl/ VUR-jil) in English, was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil

[^dff3e258-04b2-4585-a042-a1225345aef2]: It is the prayer that Palinuro addresses to Aeneas when he meets him in Hades , where he had gone down with the Sibyl , so that he may take him out of eternal pains and lead him back to the world of the living. https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eripe_me_his,_invicte,_malis

[^04e47d9c-4118-433e-b729-a7499bd1e007]: Septimia Zenobia (Palmyrene: From right to left, letters BETH, TAW, ZAYIN, BETH, YODH: 𐡡𐡶𐡦𐡡𐡩 (Btzby), pronounced Bat-Zabbai; c. 240 – c. 274 AD) was a third-century queen of the Palmyrene Empire in Syria. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenobia

[^50598b75-88b3-4c96-bd92-e7ad3b4b842f]: Septimius Odaenathus (Palmyrene: Dynt.png ['Dynt (Odainat)]; Arabic: أذينة‎ [Uḏaina]; c. 220 – 267) was the founder king (Mlk) of the Palmyrene Kingdom who ruled from Palmyra, Syria. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odaenathus

[^56bafd4a-40fe-4cef-bed2-28171d3d19fa]: Gaius Pius Esuvius Tetricus was the emperor of the Gallic Empire from 271 to 274. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetricus_I

[^24655d43-13c3-4d86-b1eb-00802001c314]: Septimia Zenobia (Palmyrene: From right to left, letters BETH, TAW, ZAYIN, BETH, YODH: 𐡡𐡶𐡦𐡡𐡩 (Btzby), pronounced Bat-Zabbai; c. 240 – c. 274 AD) was a third-century queen of the Palmyrene Empire in Syria. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenobia

[^7172b3bb-0b43-4bd3-bc83-fb813dca8420]: Gaius Pius Esuvius Tetricus was the emperor of the Gallic Empire from 271 to 274. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetricus_I

[^77fc4d86-f870-439f-8119-641cb3939654]: Septimia Zenobia (Palmyrene: From right to left, letters BETH, TAW, ZAYIN, BETH, YODH: 𐡡𐡶𐡦𐡡𐡩 (Btzby), pronounced Bat-Zabbai; c. 240 – c. 274 AD) was a third-century queen of the Palmyrene Empire in Syria. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenobia

[^4973a9ad-a602-4724-9340-6b1909528ee0]: Felicissimus (died 271?) was a public officer in Ancient Rome, during the reign of Emperor Aurelian. He is famous because he led an uprising of mint workers against the Emperor, but was defeated and killed, possibly in 274, but more probably in 271. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicissimus

[^8f83b4fc-936d-45cd-8d01-b8b13643bbe7]: Aurelian (Latin: Lucius Domitius Aurelianus; 9 September 214 – c. October 275) was Roman emperor from 270 to 275. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelian

[^976a30e4-ebd2-49cc-ab3f-dfafb2804450]: type of monarch

[^28e8a6d6-7218-41fd-9b3c-637054b42270]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_the_Sun_(Rome)

[^34b4e94d-0608-42f8-a0a0-6282ce8c1b34]: Trajan (/ˈtreɪdʒən/ TRAY-jən; Latin: Caesar Nerva Traianus pronounced [ˈkae̯sar ˈnɛr.wa t̪rajˈjaːnʊs]; 18 September 53 – 8 August 117) was Roman emperor from 98 to 117. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan

[^438ae550-d5dc-4b56-bacc-6c1e0acf2eab]: of the roman empire; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire

[^abe79716-296b-4e69-838d-e27bccc81ccf]: Aurelian (Latin: Lucius Domitius Aurelianus; 9 September 214 – c. October 275) was Roman emperor from 270 to 275. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelian

[^c5f5cfad-0e93-4d3b-8b2a-4c15e18b76cf]: Aurelian (Latin: Lucius Domitius Aurelianus; 9 September 214 – c. October 275) was Roman emperor from 270 to 275. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelian

[^1254081f-8e1c-4452-9868-82cb0a3c7d69]: Marcus Claudius Tacitus (/ˈtæsɪtəs/; c. 200 – June 276) was Roman emperor from 275 to 276. During his short reign he campaigned against the Goths and the Heruli, for which he received the title Gothicus Maximus. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Tacitus

[^852f7c1e-0c69-43bc-a551-901a3c29cfe3]: geographically extensive group of states and peoples united and ruled either by a central authority or a central figure

[^c89f7998-17cb-4bd1-85f1-5bbce0ce38c0]: Florianus (Marcus Annius Florianus; died 276), also known as Florian, was Roman emperor in 276, from July to September. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florianus

[^b9451530-75bd-4e57-ac3b-e8a39587174e]: Marcus Claudius Tacitus (/ˈtæsɪtəs/; c. 200 – June 276) was Roman emperor from 275 to 276. During his short reign he campaigned against the Goths and the Heruli, for which he received the title Gothicus Maximus. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Tacitus

[^949e84a2-58b3-42fb-bc10-7986a3c8710d]: Marcus Aurelius Probus (/ˈproʊbəs/; 19 August 232 – September 282) was Roman emperor from 276 to 282. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probus_(emperor)

[^e3a85f71-3ed7-46e0-8f67-3b3e6376c566]: A barbarian is a human who is perceived to be either uncivilized or primitive. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarian

[^895fa408-e0b7-4ee7-9a89-8b3baa085baa]: Lucius Appuleius Saturninus (died late 100 BC) was a Roman populist and tribune. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Appuleius_Saturninus

[^269435fd-7d8c-48e3-a138-d02afd0971a3]: Proculus (died c. 281) was a Roman usurper, one of the "minor pretenders" according to Historia Augusta, who would have taken the purple against Emperor Probus in 280. This is now disputed. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proculus

[^72138517-f237-4200-b706-1219b16148d3]: Bonosus (died AD 280) was a late 3rd-century Roman usurper. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonosus_(usurper)

[^a84cfac1-9e80-49b0-b70f-b43c992a828f]: people of Gallia

[^c56c4812-3512-4de0-8c1b-40512384770e]: ???

[^e2dada11-b9ce-4b0b-869a-d1195d7f871c]: ???

[^48eed958-8646-48fe-b95e-57115c0b6c64]: Aurelian (Latin: Lucius Domitius Aurelianus; 9 September 214 – c. October 275) was Roman emperor from 270 to 275. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelian

[^f1c9c2df-a8df-4a70-96cd-1342fe0e44c0]: a violent uprising against an authority or government