[["I. AFTER him MAXIMIN came to the throne, the first emperor that was elected from the army by the will of the soldiers, no approbation of the senate being given, and he himself not being a senator. After conducting a successful war against the Germans, and being on that account saluted Imperator by his troops, he was slain by Pupienus at Aquileia, together with his son who was then but a boy, his soldiers forsaking him. He had reigned, with his son, three years and a few days.",{"entites":[[327,335,"PERSON"],[165,175,"PERSON"],[13,20,"PERSON"],[311,313,"PERSON"],[339,347,"LOC"]]}],["II. There were then three emperors at the same time, PUPIENUS, BALBINUS, and GORDIAN, the two former of very obscure origin, the last of noble birth; for the elder Gordian, his father, had been chosen prince by the consent of the soldiery in the reign of Maximin, when he held the proconsulship of Africa. When Balbinus and Pupienus came to Rome, they were killed in the palace; and the empire was given to Gordian alone.",{"entites":[[77,84,"PERSON"],[407,414,"PERSON"],[255,262,"PERSON"],[53,61,"PERSON"],[63,71,"PERSON"],[341,345,"LOC"],[298,304,"LOC"],[164,171,"PERSON"],[311,319,"PERSON"],[324,332,"PERSON"]]}],["After Gordian, when quite a boy, had married Tranquillina at Rome, he opened the temple of Janus, and, setting out for the |518 east, made war upon the Parthians, who were then proceeding to make an irruption. This war he soon conducted with success, and made havoc of the Persians in great battles. As he was returning, he was killed, not far from the Roman boundaries, by the treachery of Philip who reigned after him. The Roman soldiers raised a monument for him, twenty miles from Circessus, which is now a fortress of the Romans, overlooking the Euphrates. His relics they brought to Rome, and gave him the title of god.",{"entites":[[485,494,"LOC"],[91,96,"PERSON"],[391,397,"PERSON"],[551,560,"LOC"],[589,593,"LOC"],[152,161,"PERSON"],[61,65,"LOC"],[81,96,"LOC"],[273,281,"PERSON"],[45,57,"PERSON"],[6,13,"PERSON"]]}],["III. When Gordian was killed, the two PHILIPS, father and son, seized on the government, and, having brought off the army safe, set out from Syria for Italy. In their reign the thousandth year of the city of Rome was celebrated with games and spectacles of vast magnificence. Soon after, both of them were put to death by the soldiery; the elder Philip at Verona, the younger at Rome. They reigned but five years. They were however ranked among the gods.",{"entites":[[151,156,"LOC"],[379,383,"LOC"],[10,17,"PERSON"],[113,121,"PERSON"],[141,146,"LOC"],[208,212,"LOC"]]}],["IV. After these, DECIUS, a native of Lower Pannonia, born at Budalia, assumed the government. He suppressed a civil war which had been raised in Gaul. He created his son Caesar. He built a bath at Rome. When he and his son had reigned two years, they were both killed in the country of the Barbarians, and enrolled among the gods.",{"entites":[[37,51,"LOC"],[61,68,"LOC"],[17,23,"PERSON"],[275,300,"LOC"],[145,149,"LOC"],[197,201,"LOC"]]}],["V. Immediately after, GALLUS, HOSTILIANUS, and VOLUSIANUS the son of Gallus, were created emperors. In their reign Aemilianus attempted an insurrection in Moesia; and both 60 of them, setting out to stop his progress, were slain at Interamna, when they had not quite completed a reign of two years. They did nothing of any account. Their reign was remarkable only for a pestilence, and for other diseases and afflictions.",{"entites":[[232,241,"LOC"],[47,57,"PERSON"],[30,41,"PERSON"],[115,125,"PERSON"],[69,75,"PERSON"],[22,28,"PERSON"],[155,161,"LOC"]]}],["VI. AEMILIANUS was little distinguished by birth, and less distinguished by his reign, in the third month of which he was cut off. 61",{"entites":[[4,14,"PERSON"]]}],["VII. LICINIUS VALERIAN, who was then employed in Rhaetia and Noricum, was next made general by the army, and soon after emperor. GALLIENUS also received the title of Caesar from the senate at Rome. The reign of these princes was |519 injurious, and almost fatal, to the Roman name, either through their ill-fortune or want of energy. The Germans advanced as far as Ravenna. Valerian, while he was occupied in a war in Mesopotamia, was overthrown by Sapor king of Persia, and being soon after made prisoner, grew old in ignominious slavery among the Parthians.",{"entites":[[129,138,"PERSON"],[374,382,"PERSON"],[61,68,"LOC"],[449,469,"PERSON"],[192,196,"LOC"],[5,22,"PERSON"],[463,469,"LOC"],[418,429,"LOC"],[49,56,"LOC"],[365,372,"LOC"]]}],["VIII. Gallienus, who was made emperor when quite a young man, exercised his power at first happily, afterwards fairly, and at last mischievously. In his youth he performed many gallant acts in Gaul and Illyricum, killing Ingenuus, who had assumed the purple, at Mursa, and Regalianus. He was then for a long time quiet and gentle; afterwards, abandoning himself to all manner of licentiousness, he relaxed the reins of government with disgraceful inactivity and carelesness. The Alemanni, having laid waste Gaul, penetrated into Italy. Dacia, which had been added to the empire beyond the Danube, was lost. Greece, Macedonia, Pontus, Asia, were devastated by the Goths. Pannonia was depopulated by the Sarmatians and Quadi. The Germans made their way as far as Spain, and took the noble city of Tarraco. The Parthians, after taking possession of Mesopotamia, began to bring Syria under their power.",{"entites":[[507,511,"LOC"],[529,534,"LOC"],[262,267,"LOC"],[221,229,"PERSON"],[846,857,"LOC"],[615,624,"LOC"],[273,283,"PERSON"],[761,766,"LOC"],[634,638,"LOC"],[202,211,"LOC"],[607,613,"LOC"],[589,595,"LOC"],[874,879,"LOC"],[536,541,"LOC"],[193,197,"LOC"],[626,632,"LOC"],[795,802,"LOC"],[6,15,"PERSON"]]}],["IX. When affairs were in this desperate condition, and the Roman empire almost ruined, POSTUMUS, a man of very obscure birth, assumed the purple in Gaul, and held the government with such ability for ten years, that he recruited the provinces, which had been almost ruined, by his great energy and judgment; but he was killed in a mutiny of the army, because he would not deliver up Moguntiacum, which had rebelled against him, to be plundered by the soldiers, at the time when Lucius Aelianus was endeavouring to effect a change of government.",{"entites":[[383,394,"LOC"],[148,152,"LOC"],[87,95,"PERSON"],[478,493,"PERSON"]]}],["After him Marius, a contemptible mechanic,63 assumed the purple, and was killed two days after. Victorinus then took on himself the government of Gaul; a man of great energy; but, as he was abandoned to excessive licentiousness, and corrupted other men's wives, he was assassinated at |520 Agrippina,64 in the second year of his reign, one of his secretaries having contrived a plot against him.",{"entites":[[146,150,"LOC"],[96,106,"PERSON"],[10,16,"PERSON"]]}],["X. To him succeeded Tetricus, a senator, who, when he was governing Aquitania with the title of prefect, was chosen emperor in his absence, and assumed the purple at Bourdeaux. He had to endure many insurrections among the soldiery. But while these transactions were passing in Gaul, the Persians, in the east, were overthrown by Odenathus, who, having defended Syria and recovered Mesopotamia, penetrated into the country as far as Ctesiphon.",{"entites":[[362,367,"LOC"],[382,393,"LOC"],[330,339,"PERSON"],[68,77,"LOC"],[278,282,"LOC"],[166,175,"LOC"],[433,442,"LOC"],[20,28,"PERSON"]]}],["XI. Thus, while Gallienus abandoned the government, the Roman empire was saved in the west by Posthumus, and in the east by Odenathus. Meanwhile Gallienus was killed at Milan, together with his brother, in the ninth year of his reign, and CLAUDIUS succeeded him, being chosen by the soldiers, and declared emperor by the senate. Claudius defeated the Goths, who were laying waste Illyricum and Macedonia, in a great battle. He was a frugal and modest man, strictly observant of justice, and well qualified for governing the empire. He was however carried off by disease within two years after he began to reign, and had the title of a god. The senate honoured him with extraordinary distinctions, insomuch that a golden shield was hung up to him in the senate house, and a golden statue erected to him in the Capitol.",{"entites":[[394,403,"LOC"],[124,133,"PERSON"],[145,154,"PERSON"],[169,174,"LOC"],[380,389,"LOC"],[329,337,"PERSON"],[239,247,"PERSON"],[16,25,"PERSON"],[94,103,"PERSON"]]}],["XII. After him QUINTILLUS, the brother of Claudius, was elected emperor by agreement among the soldiers, a man of singular moderation and aptitude for governing, comparable, or perhaps superior, to his brother. He received the title of emperor with the consent of the senate, and was killed on the seventeenth day of his reign.",{"entites":[[15,25,"PERSON"],[42,50,"PERSON"]]}],["XIII. After his death AURELIAN succeeded to the throne. He was born in Dacia Ripensis, and was a man of ability in war, but of an ungovernable temper, and too much inclined to cruelty. He defeated the Goths with great vigour, and extended the Roman empire, by various successes in the field, to its former limits. He overthrew Tetricus at Catalauni 65  |521 in Gaul, Tetricus himself, indeed, betraying his own army, whose constant mutinies he was unable to bear; and he had even by secret letters entreated Aurelian to march towards him, using, among other solicitations, the verse of Virgil:----",{"entites":[[586,592,"PERSON"],[71,85,"LOC"],[71,76,"LOC"],[508,516,"PERSON"],[22,30,"PERSON"],[361,365,"LOC"],[367,375,"PERSON"],[327,335,"PERSON"],[339,348,"LOC"]]}],["Eripe me his, invicte, malis. ",{"entites":[]}],["Unconquer'd hero, free me from these ills.",{"entites":[]}],["He also took prisoner Zenobia, who, having killed her husband Odenathus, was mistress of the east, in a battle of no great importance near Antioch, and, entering Rome, celebrated a magnificent triumph, as recoverer of the east and the west, Tetricus 66 and Zenobia going before his chariot. This Tetricus was afterwards governor of Lucania, and lived long after he was divested of the purple. Zenobia left descendants, who still live at Rome.",{"entites":[[241,249,"PERSON"],[62,71,"PERSON"],[393,400,"PERSON"],[162,166,"LOC"],[139,146,"LOC"],[437,441,"LOC"],[296,304,"PERSON"],[22,29,"PERSON"],[332,339,"LOC"],[257,264,"PERSON"]]}],["XIV. In his reign, the people of the mint raised a rebellion in the city, after having adulterated the money, and put to death Felicissimus the commissioner of the treasury. Aurelian suppressed them with the utmost severity; several noblemen he condemned to death. He was indeed cruel and sanguinary, and rather an emperor necessary for the times in some respects than an amiable one in any. He was always severe, and put to death even the son of his own sister. He was however a reformer, in a great degree, of military discipline and dissoluteness of manners.",{"entites":[[127,139,"PERSON"],[174,182,"PERSON"]]}],["XV. He surrounded the city of Rome with stronger walls. He built a temple to the Sun, in which he put a vast quantity of gold and precious stones. The province of Dacia, which Trajan had formed beyond the Danube, he gave up, despairing, after all Illyricum and Moesia had been depopulated, of being able to retain it. The Roman citizens, removed from the town and lands of Dacia, he settled in the interior of Moesia, calling that Dacia which now divides the two Moesiae, and which is on the right hand of the Danube as it runs to the sea, whereas Dacia was previously on the left. He was killed through the treachery of one of his own slaves, who carried to certain military men, the friends of Aurelian, their own names entered upon a list, having counterfeited the hand of Aurelian, and making it appear that he intended to put them to death. That he might be prevented from doing so, he was assassinated |522 by them in the middle of the road, the old paved way, which is between Constantinople and Heraclea. The place is called Caenophrurium. But his death was not unavenged.67 He also gained the honour of being enrolled among the gods. He reigned five years and six months.",{"entites":[[67,84,"LOC"],[696,704,"PERSON"],[776,784,"PERSON"],[410,416,"LOC"],[373,378,"LOC"],[984,998,"LOC"],[1033,1046,"LOC"],[463,470,"LOC"],[431,436,"LOC"],[176,182,"PERSON"],[30,34,"LOC"],[261,267,"LOC"],[1003,1011,"LOC"],[247,256,"LOC"],[548,553,"LOC"],[163,168,"LOC"],[510,516,"LOC"],[205,211,"LOC"]]}],["XVI. After him TACITUS succeeded to the throne; a man of excellent morals, and well qualified to govern the empire. He was unable, however, to show the world anything remarkable, being cut off by death in the sixth mouth of his reign. FLORIANUS, who succeeded Tacitus, was on the throne only two mouths and twenty days, and did nothing worthy of mention.",{"entites":[[15,22,"PERSON"],[235,244,"PERSON"],[260,267,"PERSON"]]}],["XVII. PROBUS then succeeded to the government, a man rendered illustrious by the distinction which he obtained in war. He recovered Gaul, which had been seized by the Barbarians, by remarkable successes in the field. He also suppressed, in several battles, some persons that attempted to seize the throne, as Saturninus in the east, and Proculus and Bonosus at Agrippina. He allowed the Gauls and Cannonians to have vineyards. By obliging his soldiers to work, too, he planted vineyards on Mount Alma in Sirmium, and on Mount Aureus in Upper Moesia, and left them to the people of the provinces to cultivate. After he had gone through a great number of wars, and had at last obtained peace, he observed, that \"in a short time soldiers would not be wanted.\" He was a man of spirit, activity, and justice, equalling Aurelian in military glory, and surpassing him in affability of manners. He was killed, however, at Sirmium, in an iron turret, during an insurrection of the soldiery. He reigned six years and four months.",{"entites":[[504,511,"LOC"],[132,136,"LOC"],[361,370,"LOC"],[526,532,"LOC"],[490,500,"LOC"],[914,921,"LOC"],[350,357,"PERSON"],[814,822,"PERSON"],[309,319,"PERSON"],[337,345,"PERSON"],[6,12,"PERSON"],[542,548,"LOC"]]}]]