The O
same O
winter O
the O
Athenians O
resolved O
to O
sail O
again O
to O
Sicily B-LOC
with O
a O
greater O
armament O
than O
that O
under O
Laches O
and O
Eurymedon O
and O
if O
possible O
to O
conquer O
the O
island; B-LOC
most I-LOC
of O
them O
being O
ignorant O
of O
its O
size O
and O
of O
the O
number O
of O
its O
inhabitants O
Hellenic O
and O
barbarian O
and O
of O
the O
fact O
that O
they O
were O
undertaking O
a O
war O
not O
much O
inferior O
to O
that O
against O
the O
Peloponnesians. O
For O
the O
voyage O
round O
Sicily O
in B-LOC
a I-LOC
merchantman O
is O
not O
far O
short O
of O
eight O
days; O
and O
yet O
large O
as O
the O
island O
is O
there O
are O
only O
two O
miles O
of O
sea O
to O
prevent O
its O
being O
mainland. O
2It O
was O
settled O
originally O
as O
follows O
and O
the O
peoples O
that O
occupied O
it O
are O
these. O
The O
earliest O
inhabitants O
spoken O
of O
in O
any O
part O
of O
the O
country O
are O
the O
Cyclopes O
and B-PER
Laestrygones; I-PER
but B-PER
I I-PER
cannot I-PER
tell O
of O
what O
race O
they O
were O
or O
whence O
they O
came O
or O
whither O
they O
went O
and O
must O
leave O
my O
readers O
to O
what O
the O
poets O
have O
said O
of O
them O
and O
to O
what O
may O
be O
generally O
known O
concerning O
them. O
The O
Sicanians O
appear O
to B-PER
have O
been O
the O
next O
settlers O
although O
they O
pretend O
to O
have O
been O
the O
first O
of O
all O
and O
aborigines; O
but O
the O
facts O
show O
that O
they O
were O
Iberians O
driven O
by B-PER
the I-PER
Ligurians O
from O
the B-PER
river I-PER
Sicanus O
in O
Iberia. O
It O
was O
from B-LOC
them O
that O
the O
island O
before O
called B-LOC
Trinacria O
took O
its B-LOC
name I-LOC
of O
Sicania O
and O
to O
the B-LOC
present I-LOC
day O
they O
inhabit O
the O
west O
of O
Sicily. O
On O
the O
fall O
of B-LOC
Ilium O
some O
of O
the O
Trojans O
escaped O
from O
the B-PER
Achaeans O
came O
in O
ships B-PER
to I-PER
Sicily O
and O
settled O
next B-LOC
to O
the O
Sicanians O
under O
the O
general B-PER
name O
of O
Elymi; O
their O
towns O
being B-LOC
called O
Eryx O
and O
Egesta. O
With O
them B-PER
settled O
some O
of O
the O
Phocians O
carried O
on O
their B-PER
way I-PER
from O
Troy O
by O
a O
storm O
first O
to O
Libya O
and O
afterwards O
from B-LOC
thence O
to O
Sicily. O
The O
Sicels O
crossed O
over O
to O
Sicily B-PER
from O
their O
first O
home B-LOC
Italy O
flying O
from O
the O
Opicans B-LOC
as O
tradition O
says O
and B-PER
as O
seems O
not O
unlikely O
upon O
rafts O
having O
watched O
till O
the O
wind O
set O
down O
the O
strait O
to O
effect O
the O
passage; O
although O
perhaps O
they O
may O
have O
sailed O
over O
in O
some O
other O
way. O
Even O
at O
the O
present O
day O
there O
are O
still O
Sicels O
in O
Italy; O
and O
the O
country O
got O
its B-LOC
name O
of O
Italy O
from O
Italus O
a O
king O
of B-LOC
the I-LOC
Sicels O
so B-LOC
called. O
These O
went O
with O
a O
great O
host O
to O
Sicily O
defeated O
the O
Sicanians O
in B-LOC
battle O
and O
forced O
them B-PER
to I-PER
remove O
to O
the O
south O
and O
west O
of O
the O
island O
which O
thus O
came O
to O
be O
called O
Sicily O
instead O
of O
Sicania O
and O
after B-LOC
they O
crossed O
over B-LOC
continued O
to O
enjoy O
the O
richest O
parts O
of O
the O
country O
for O
near O
three O
hundred O
years O
before O
any O
Hellenes O
came O
to O
Sicily; O
indeed O
they O
still O
hold O
the B-LOC
centre I-LOC
and O
north O
of O
the O
island. O
There O
were O
also O
Phoenicians O
living O
all O
round O
Sicily O
who O
had O
occupied O
promontories O
upon O
the O
sea O
coasts O
and O
the O
islets O
adjacent O
for O
the O
purpose O
of O
trading O
with O
the O
Sicels. O
But O
when O
the O
Hellenes O
began O
to O
arrive O
in O
considerable O
numbers O
by O
sea O
the O
Phoenicians O
abandoned O
most O
of O
their O
stations O
and O
drawing O
together O
took O
up O
their O
abode O
in O
Motye O
Soloeis O
and O
Panormus O
near O
the O
Elymi B-LOC
partly B-LOC
because O
they B-LOC
confided O
in O
their B-LOC
alliance O
and O
also O
because O
these O
are O
the O
nearest O
points O
for O
the O
voyage O
between O
Carthage O
and O
Sicily. O
These O
were O
the O
barbarians O
in O
Sicily O
settled O
as O
I O
have O
said. O
3Of O
the O
Hellenes B-LOC
the O
first O
to O
arrive O
were O
Chalcidians O
from O
Euboea O
with O
Thucles O
their O
founder. O
They O
founded B-LOC
Naxos O
and O
built O
the O
altar O
to O
Apollo O
Archegetes O
which O
now O
stands O
outside O
the O
town O
and O
upon O
which O
the O
deputies O
for O
the O
games O
sacrifice O
before O
sailing O
from O
Sicily. O
Syracuse O
was O
founded O
the O
year O
afterwards O
by O
Archias B-LOC
one O
of O
the O
Heraclids O
from O
Corinth O
who O
began B-PER
by O
driving O
out O
the O
Sicels O
from B-LOC
the I-LOC
island O
upon O
which O
the O
inner O
city O
now O
stands O
though O
it O
is O
no O
longer O
surrounded O
by O
water O
in O
process O
of O
time O
the O
outer O
town O
also O
was O
taken O
within O
the O
walls O
and O
became O
populous. O
Meanwhile O
Thucles O
and O
the O
Chalcidians O
set O
out O
from O
Naxos O
in O
the O
fifth O
year O
after O
the O
foundation O
of O
Syracuse B-LOC
and O
drove O
out O
the O
Sicels O
by O
arms O
and O
founded O
Leontini B-LOC
and O
afterwards O
Catana; O
the O
Catanians O
themselves O
choosing O
Evarchus O
as B-PER
their O
founder. O
4About O
the O
same O
time O
Lamis B-PER
arrived I-PER
in O
Sicily O
with O
a O
colony O
from O
Megara O
and B-PER
after O
founding O
a B-LOC
place O
called O
Trotilus O
beyond B-LOC
the O
river O
Pantacyas O
and O
afterwards O
leaving O
it O
and O
for O
a O
short O
while O
joining O
the O
Chalcidians O
at O
Leontini O
was O
driven O
out O
by O
them O
and O
founded O
Thapsus. O
After B-LOC
his O
death O
his O
companions O
were O
driven O
out O
of O
Thapsus O
and O
founded O
a O
place O
called O
the O
Hyblaean O
Megara; O
Hyblon O
a O
Sicel O
king O
having O
given O
up O
the B-LOC
place I-LOC
and B-LOC
inviting O
them O
thither. O
Here O
they O
lived O
two O
hundred O
and O
forty O
five O
years; O
after O
which O
they O
were O
expelled O
from O
the O
city O
and O
the O
country O
by O
the O
Syracusan O
tyrant O
Gelo. O
Before O
their O
expulsion O
however O
a O
hundred O
years O
after O
they O
had O
settled O
there O
they O
sent O
out O
Pamillus O
and O
founded O
Selinus; O
he O
having O
come O
from O
their O
mother O
country B-PER
Megara O
to O
join O
them O
in O
its O
foundation. O
Gela O
was O
founded O
by O
Antiphemus B-LOC
from O
Rhodes O
and O
Entimus O
from O
Crete B-PER
who O
joined O
in B-PER
leading I-PER
a O
colony O
thither B-PER
in B-PER
the I-PER
forty O
fifth B-LOC
year O
after O
the O
foundation O
of O
Syracuse. O
The O
town O
took O
its O
name O
from O
the O
river O
Gelas O
the O
place O
where B-LOC
the O
citadel O
now O
stands O
and O
which O
was O
first B-LOC
fortified O
being O
called O
Lindii. O
The O
institutions O
which O
they O
adopted O
were O
Dorian. O
Near O
one O
hundred O
and O
eight O
years O
after O
the O
foundation O
of B-PER
Gela I-PER
the O
Geloans O
founded O
Acragas O
(Agrigentum) O
so O
called O
from O
the O
river B-PER
of O
that O
name O
and O
made O
Aristonous O
and O
Pystilus O
their O
founders; O
giving O
their O
own O
institutions O
to B-PER
the I-PER
colony. O
Zancle O
was O
originally O
founded O
by O
pirates O
from O
Cuma O
the O
Chalcidian O
town B-PER
in O
the O
country O
of O
the O
Opicans O
afterwards O
however B-LOC
large O
numbers O
came O
from O
Chalcis O
and O
the O
rest O
of O
Euboea O
and O
helped O
to O
people O
the O
place; O
the O
founders O
being O
Perieres O
and O
Crataemenes B-LOC
from O
Cuma O
and O
Chalcis O
respectively. O
It O
first O
had O
the O
name O
of O
Zancle O
given O
it O
by B-LOC
the O
Sicels O
because O
the O
place O
is O
shaped O
like O
a O
sickle O
which B-LOC
the O
Sicels O
call O
zanclon; O
but O
upon O
the O
original O
settlers O
being O
afterwards O
expelled O
by O
some O
Samians O
and O
other O
Ionians O
who O
landed O
in O
Sicily O
flying O
from O
the O
Medes O
and O
the O
Samians O
in O
their O
turn O
not O
long O
afterwards O
by O
Anaxilas O
tyrant O
of O
Rhegium O
the O
town O
was O
by O
him O
colonized O
with O
a O
mixed O
population O
and O
its O
name O
changed O
to O
Messina O
after O
his O
old O
country. O
5Himera O
was O
founded O
from O
Zancle O
by O
Euclides O
Simus O
and B-PER
Sacon O
most O
of O
those O
who O
went O
to O
the O
colony O
being O
Chalcidians; B-LOC
though B-PER
they B-PER
were O
joined B-LOC
by O
some O
exiles O
from O
Syracuse O
defeated O
in O
a O
civil O
war O
called O
the O
Myletidae. O
The O
language O
was O
a O
mixture O
of B-LOC
Chalcidian I-LOC
and O
Doric O
but O
the O
institutions O
which O
prevailed O
were O
the O
Chalcidian. O
Acrae O
and O
Casmenae O
were O
founded O
by O
the O
Syracusans; O
Acrae O
seventy O
years O
after O
Syracuse O
Casmenae O
nearly O
twenty O
after O
Acrae. O
Camarina O
was O
first O
founded O
by O
the O
Syracusans O
close O
upon B-PER
a O
hundred O
and O
thirty O
five O
years O
after B-PER
the O
building O
of O
Syracuse; O
its O
founders O
being O
Daxon O
and O
Menecolus. O
But O
the O
Camarinaeans O
being O
expelled O
by O
arms O
by O
the O
Syracusans O
for O
having B-PER
revolted O
Hippocrates O
tyrant O
of O
Gela O
some O
time O
later O
receiving O
their O
land O
in O
ransom O
for O
some O
Syracusan O
prisoners B-PER
resettled O
Camarina O
himself O
acting O
as O
its O
founder. O
Lastly O
it O
was O
again O
depopulated B-LOC
by O
Gelo O
and O
settled O
once B-PER
more O
for O
the O
third O
time O
by O
the O
Geloans. O
6Such O
is O
the O
list O
of O
the O
peoples O
Hellenic O
and O
barbarian O
inhabiting O
Sicily O
and O
such O
the O
magnitude O
of O
the O
island O
which O
the O
Athenians O
were O
now O
bent O
upon O
invading; O
being O
ambitious B-LOC
in O
real O
truth O
of O
conquering O
the O
whole O
although O
they O
had O
also O
the O
specious O
design O
of O
succouring O
their O
kindred O
and O
other O
allies O
in O
the O
island. O
But O
they O
were O
especially O
incited O
by O
envoys O
from O
Egesta O
who O
had O
come O
to O
Athens O
and O
invoked O
their O
aid O
more O
urgently O
than O
ever. O
The O
Egestaeans O
had O
gone B-LOC
to I-LOC
war O
with O
their O
neighbours O
the O
Selinuntines O
upon O
questions O
of O
marriage O
and O
disputed O
territory O
and O
the O
Selinuntines O
had O
procured O
the O
alliance O
of O
the O
Syracusans O
and O
pressed O
Egesta O
hard O
by O
land O
and O
sea. O
The O
Egestaeans O
now O
reminded O
the O
Athenians O
of O
the O
alliance O
made O
in O
the O
time B-PER
of I-PER
Laches O
during O
the O
former O
Leontine O
war O
and O
begged O
them O
to O
send O
a O
fleet O
to O
their O
aid O
and O
among O
a O
number O
of B-PER
other O
considerations O
urged O
as O
a O
capital O
argument O
that O
if O
the O
Syracusans O
were O
allowed O
to O
go O
unpunished O
for O
their O
depopulation O
of O
Leontini O
to O
ruin O
the O
allies O
still O
left O
to O
Athens O
in O
Sicily O
and O
to O
get O
the O
whole O
power O
of O
the O
island O
into O
their B-LOC
hands O
there O
would O
be O
a O
danger O
of O
their O
one B-LOC
day O
coming B-LOC
with O
a O
large O
force O
as O
Dorians O
to O
the O
aid O
of O
their O
Dorian O
brethren O
and O
as O
colonists O
to O
the O
aid O
of O
the O
Peloponnesians O
who O
had O
sent O
them O
out O
and O
joining O
these O
in O
pulling O
down O
the O
Athenian O
empire. O
The O
Athenians O
would O
therefore O
do O
well O
to O
unite O
with O
the O
allies O
still O
left O
to O
them O
and O
to O
make O
a O
stand O
against O
the O
Syracusans; O
especially O
as O
they O
the O
Egestaeans O
were O
prepared O
to O
furnish O
money O
sufficient O
for O
the O
war. O
The O
Athenians O
hearing O
these O
arguments O
constantly O
repeated O
in O
their O
assemblies O
by O
the O
Egestaeans O
and O
their O
supporters O
voted O
first O
to O
send O
envoys O
to O
Egesta O
to O
see O
if O
there O
was O
really O
the O
money O
that O
they O
talked O
of O
in O
the O
treasury O
and O
temples O
and O
at O
the O
same O
time O
to O
ascertain O
in O
what O
posture O
was O
the O
war O
with O
the O
Selinuntines. O
7The O
envoys O
of O
the O
Athenians O
were O
accordingly O
dispatched O
to O
Sicily. O
The O
same O
winter O
the O
Lacedaemonians O
and O
their O
allies O
the O
Corinthians O
excepted O
marched O
into O
the O
Argive O
territory O
and B-LOC
ravaged I-LOC
a O
small O
part O
of O
the O
land O
and O
took O
some O
yokes O
of O
oxen O
and O
carried O
off O
some O
corn. O
They O
also O
settled O
the O
Argive O
exiles O
at O
Orneae O
and O
left O
them O
a O
few O
soldiers O
taken O
from O
the O
rest O
of O
the O
army; O
and O
after O
making O
a O
truce O
for O
a O
certain O
while O
according O
to B-LOC
which I-LOC
neither O
Orneatae O
nor O
Argives O
were O
to O
injure O
each O
other's O
territory O
returned O
home O
with O
the O
army. O
Not O
long O
afterwards O
the O
Athenians O
came O
with O
thirty O
ships O
and O
six O
hundred O
heavy O
infantry O
and O
the O
Argives O
joining O
them O
with O
all O
their O
forces O
marched O
out O
and O
besieged O
the O
men O
in O
Orneae O
for O
one O
day; O
but O
the O
garrison O
escaped O
by O
night O
the O
besiegers O
having O
bivouacked O
some O
way O
off. O
The O
next O
day O
the O
Argives O
discovering O
it O
razed O
Orneae O
to O
the O
ground O
and O
went O
back O
again; O
after O
which O
the O
Athenians O
went O
home O
in O
their O
ships. O
Meanwhile O
the O
Athenians O
took O
by O
sea O
to O
Methone O
on O
the O
Macedonian O
border O
some O
cavalry O
of O
their O
own O
and O
the O
Macedonian O
exiles O
that O
were O
at O
Athens O
and O
plundered O
the O
country O
of O
Perdiccas. B-LOC
Upon O
this B-LOC
the I-LOC
Lacedaemonians O
sent O
to O
the O
Thracian O
Chalcidians O
who B-LOC
had O
a O
truce O
with O
Athens O
from B-LOC
one O
ten O
days O
to O
another O
urging O
them B-LOC
to O
join O
Perdiccas O
in O
the O
war O
which O
they O
refused O
to O
do. O
And O
the O
winter O
ended O
and O
with O
it O
ended B-LOC
the O
sixteenth O
year O
of O
this O
war O
of O
which O
Thucydides O
is O
the O
historian. O
8Early O
in O
the O
spring O
of O
the O
following O
summer O
the O
Athenian O
envoys O
arrived O
from O
Sicily O
and O
the O
Egestaeans O
with O
them O
bringing O
sixty O
talents O
of O
uncoined O
silver O
as O
a O
month's O
pay O
for O
sixty O
ships O
which O
they O
were O
to O
ask O
to O
have B-LOC
sent I-LOC
them. O
The O
Athenians O
held O
an O
assembly O
and O
after O
hearing O
from O
the O
Egestaeans O
and O
their O
own O
envoys O
a O
report O
as O
attractive O
as O
it O
was O
untrue O
upon O
the O
state O
of O
affairs O
generally O
and O
in O
particular O
as O
to O
the O
money O
of O
which O
it O
was O
said O
there O
was O
abundance O
in O
the O
temples O
and O
the O
treasury O
voted O
to O
send O
sixty O
ships O
to O
Sicily O
under O
the O
command O
of O
Alcibiades O
son O
of O
Clinias O
Nicias O
son O
of O
Niceratus O
and O
Lamachus O
son O
of O
Xenophanes O
who O
were O
appointed O
with O
full O
powers; O
they O
were B-LOC
to O
help O
the O
Egestaeans O
against B-LOC
the I-LOC
Selinuntines O
to O
restore B-PER
Leontini O
upon O
gaining O
any B-PER
advantage I-PER
in O
the B-PER
war I-PER
and I-PER
to O
order O
all O
other O
matters O
in O
Sicily O
as O
they O
should O
deem O
best O
for O
the O
interests O
of O
Athens. O
Five O
days O
after O
this B-PER
a I-PER
second O
assembly O
was O
held O
to O
consider O
the O
speediest O
means O
of O
equipping O
the O
ships B-LOC
and O
to O
vote O
whatever O
else O
might O
be O
required O
by O
the B-LOC
generals I-LOC
for O
the O
expedition; O
and O
Nicias O
who O
had O
been O
chosen O
to O
the O
command O
against O
his O
will O
and O
who O
thought O
that O
the O
state O
was O
not O
well O
advised O
but O
upon O
a O
slight O
and O
specious O
pretext O
was O
aspiring O
to B-PER
the O
conquest O
of O
the O
whole O
of O
Sicily O
a O
great O
matter O
to O
achieve O
came O
forward O
in O
the O
hope O
of O
diverting O
the O
Athenians O
from O
the O
enterprise O
and O
gave O
them O
the O
following O
counsel O
9"Although O
this O
assembly O
was B-LOC
convened O
to O
consider O
the O
preparations O
to O
be O
made O
for O
sailing O
to O
Sicily O
I O
think O
notwithstanding O
that O
we O
have O
still O
this O
question O
to O
examine O
whether O
it O
be O
better O
to O
send O
out O
the O
ships O
at O
all O
and O
that O
we O
ought O
not O
to O
give O
so O
little O
consideration O
to O
a O
matter O
of O
such O
moment O
or O
let O
ourselves O
be O
persuaded O
by O
foreigners O
into O
undertaking O
a O
war O
with O
which O
we O
have O
nothing O
to O
do. O
And O
yet O
individually O
I O
gain O
in O
honour O
by O
such O
a O
course O
and O
fear O
as O
little O
as O
other O
men O
for O
my O
person O
not O
that O
I O
think O
a O
man O
need O
be O
any O
the O
worse O
citizen O
for O
taking O
some O
thought O
for O
his O
person O
and O
estate; O
on O
the O
contrary O
such O
a O
man O
would O
for O
his O
own O
sake O
desire O
the O
prosperity O
of O
his O
country O
more O
than O
others O
nevertheless O
as O
I O
have O
never O
spoken O
against O
my O
convictions O
to O
gain O
honour O
I O
shall O
not O
begin O
to O
do O
so O
now O
but O
shall O
say O
what O
I O
think O
best. O
Against O
your O
character O
any O
words O
of O
mine O
would O
be O
weak O
enough O
if O
I O
were O
to O
advise O
your O
keeping O
what O
you O
have O
got O
and O
not O
risking O
what O
is O
actually O
yours O
for O
advantages O
which O
are O
dubious O
in O
themselves O
and O
which O
you O
may O
or O
may O
not O
attain. O
I O
will O
therefore O
content O
myself O
with O
showing O
that O
your O
ardour O
is O
out O
of O
season O
and O
your O
ambition O
not O
easy O
of O
accomplishment. O
10"I O
affirm O
then O
that O
you O
leave O
many O
enemies O
behind O
you O
here O
to O
go O
yonder O
and O
bring O
more O
back O
with O
you. O
You O
imagine O
perhaps O
that O
the O
treaty O
which O
you O
have O
made O
can O
be O
trusted; O
a O
treaty O
that O
will O
continue O
to O
exist O
nominally O
as O
long O
as O
you O
keep O
quiet O
for O
nominal O
it O
has O
become O
owing O
to O
the O
practices O
of O
certain O
men O
here O
and O
at O
Sparta O
but O
which O
in O
the O
event O
of O
a O
serious O
reverse O
in O
any O
quarter O
would O
not O
delay O
our O
enemies O
a O
moment O
in O
attacking O
us; O
first O
because O
the O
convention O
was O
forced O
upon O
them O
by O
disaster O
and O
was O
less O
honourable B-LOC
to O
them O
than O
to O
us; O
and O
secondly O
because O
in O
this O
very O
convention O
there O
are O
many O
points O
that O
are O
still O
disputed. O
Again O
some O
of O
the O
most O
powerful O
states O
have O
never O
yet O
accepted O
the O
arrangement O
at O
all. O
Some O
of O
these O
are O
at O
open O
war O
with O
us; O
others O
(as O
the O
Lacedaemonians O
do O
not O
yet O
move) O
are O
restrained O
by O
truces O
renewed O
every O
ten O
days O
and O
it O
is O
only O
too O
probable O
that O
if O
they O
found O
our O
power O
divided O
as O
we O
are O
hurrying O
to O
divide O
it O
they O
would O
attack O
us O
vigorously O
with O
the O
Siceliots O
whose O
alliance O
they O
would O
have O
in O
the O
past O
valued O
as O
they O
would O
that O
of O
few O
others. O
A O
man O
ought O
therefore O
to O
consider O
these O
points O
and O
not O
to O
think O
of O
running O
risks O
with O
a O
country O
placed O
so O
critically O
or O
of O
grasping O
at O
another O
empire O
before O
we O
have O
secured O
the O
one O
we O
have O
already; O
for O
in O
fact O
the O
Thracian O
Chalcidians O
have O
been O
all O
these O
years O
in O
revolt O
from O
us O
without O
being O
yet O
subdued O
and O
others O
on O
the O
continents O
yield O
us O
but O
a O
doubtful O
obedience. O
Meanwhile O
the O
Egestaeans O
our O
allies O
have O
been O
wronged O
and O
we O
run O
to O
help O
them O
while O
the O
rebels O
who O
have O
so O
long O
wronged O
us O
still O
wait O
for O
punishment. O
11"And O
yet O
the O
latter O
if O
brought O
under O
might O
be O
kept O
under; O
while O
the O
Sicilians O
even O
if O
conquered O
are O
too O
far O
off O
and O
too O
numerous O
to O
be O
ruled O
without O
difficulty. O
Now O
it O
is O
folly O
to O
go O
against O
men O
who O
could O
not O
be O
kept O
under O
even O
if O
conquered O
while O
failure O
would O
leave O
us O
in O
a O
very O
different O
position O
from O
that O
which O
we O
occupied O
before O
the O
enterprise. O
The O
Siceliots O
again O
to O
take O
them O
as O
they O
are O
at O
present O
in O
the O
event O
of O
a O
Syracusan O
conquest O
(the O
favourite O
bugbear O
of O
the O
Egestaeans) O
would O
to O
my O
thinking O
be O
even O
less O
dangerous O
to O
us O
than O
before. O
At O
present O
they O
might O
possibly O
come O
here O
as O
separate O
states O
for O
love O
of O
Lacedaemon; O
in O
the O
other O
case O
one O
empire O
would O
scarcely O
attack O
another; O
for O
after O
joining O
the O
Peloponnesians O
to O
overthrow O
ours O
they O
could O
only O
expect O
to O
see O
the O
same O
hands O
overthrow O
their O
own O
in O
the O
same O
way. O
The O
Hellenes O
in B-LOC
Sicily I-LOC
would O
fear O
us O
most O
if O
we O
never O
went O
there O
at O
all O
and O
next O
to O
this O
if O
after O
displaying O
our O
power O
we O
went O
away O
again O
as O
soon O
as O
possible. O
We O
all O
know O
that O
that O
which O
is O
farthest O
off O
and O
the O
reputation O
of O
which O
can O
least O
be B-LOC
tested O
is O
the O
object O
of O
admiration; O
at O
the O
least O
reverse O
they O
would O
at O
once O
begin O
to O
look O
down O
upon O
us O
and O
would O
join O
our O
enemies O
here O
against O
us. O
You O
have O
yourselves O
experienced O
this O
with O
regard O
to O
the O
Lacedaemonians O
and O
their O
allies O
whom O
your O
unexpected O
success O
as O
compared O
with O
what O
you O
feared O
at O
first O
has O
made O
you O
suddenly O
despise O
tempting O
you O
further O
to O
aspire O
to O
the O
conquest O
of O
Sicily. O
Instead O
however O
of O
being O
puffed O
up O
by O
the O
misfortunes O
of O
your O
adversaries O
you O
ought O
to O
think O
of O
breaking O
their O
spirit O
before O
giving O
yourselves O
up O
to O
confidence O
and O
to O
understand O
that O
the O
one O
thought O
awakened O
in O
the O
Lacedaemonians O
by O
their O
disgrace O
is O
how O
they O
may O
even O
now O
if O
possible O
overthrow O
us O
and O
repair O
their O
dishonour; O
inasmuch O
as O
military O
reputation O
is O
their O
oldest O
and O
chiefest O
study. O
Our O
struggle O
therefore O
if O
we O
are O
wise O
will O
not O
be O
for O
the O
barbarian O
Egestaeans O
in O
Sicily O
but O
how O
to O
defend O
ourselves O
most O
effectually O
against O
the O
oligarchical O
machinations O
of O
Lacedaemon. O
12"We O
should O
also O
remember O
that O
we O
are O
but O
now O
enjoying O
some O
respite O
from O
a O
great O
pestilence O
and O
from O
war O
to O
the O
no O
small O
benefit O
of O
our O
estates B-LOC
and O
persons O
and O
that O
it O
is O
right O
to O
employ O
these O
at O
home O
on O
our O
own O
behalf O
instead O
of B-LOC
using I-LOC
them I-LOC
on O
behalf O
of O
these O
exiles O
whose O
interest O
it O
is O
to O
lie O
as O
fairly O
as O
they O
can O
who O
do O
nothing O
but O
talk O
themselves O
and O
leave O
the O
danger O
to O
others O
and O
who O
if O
they O
succeed O
will O
show O
no O
proper O
gratitude O
and O
if O
they O
fail O
will O
drag O
down O
their O
friends O
with O
them. O
And O
if O
there O
be O
any O
man O
here O
overjoyed O
at O
being O
chosen O
to O
command O
who O
urges O
you O
to O
make O
the O
expedition O
merely O
for O
ends O
of O
his O
own O
specially O
if O
he O
be O
still O
too O
young O
to O
command O
who O
seeks O
to O
be O
admired O
for O
his O
stud O
of O
horses O
but O
on O
account O
of O
its O
heavy O
expenses O
hopes O
for O
some O
profit O
from O
his O
appointment O
do O
not O
allow O
such O
a O
one O
to O
maintain O
his O
private O
splendour O
at O
his O
country's O
risk O
but O
remember O
that O
such O
persons O
injure O
the O
public O
fortune O
while O
they O
squander O
their O
own O
and O
that O
this O
is O
a O
matter O
of O
importance O
and O
not O
for O
a O
young O
man O
to O
decide O
or O
hastily O
to O
take O
in O
hand. O
13"When O
I O
see O
such O
persons O
now O
sitting O
here O
at O
the O
side O
of O
that O
same O
individual O
and O
summoned O
by O
him O
alarm O
seizes O
me; O
and O
I O
in O
my O
turn O
summon O
any O
of O
the O
older O
men O
that O
may O
have O
such O
a O
person O
sitting O
next O
him O
not O
to O
let O
himself O
be O
shamed O
down O
for O
fear O
of O
being O
thought O
a O
coward O
if O
he O
do O
not O
vote O
for O
war O
but O
remembering O
how O
rarely O
success O
is O
got O
by O
wishing O
and O
how O
often O
by O
forecast O
to O
leave O
to O
them O
the O
mad O
dream O
of O
conquest O
and O
as O
a O
true O
lover O
of O
his O
country O
now O
threatened O
by O
the O
greatest O
danger O
in O
its O
history O
to O
hold O
up O
his O
hand O
on O
the O
other O
side; O
to O
vote O
that O
the O
Siceliots O
be O
left O
in O
the O
limits O
now O
existing O
between O
us O
limits O
of O
which O
no O
one O
can O
complain O
(the O
Ionian O
sea O
for O
the O
coasting O
voyage O
and O
the O
Sicilian O
across O
the O
open O
main) O
to O
enjoy O
their O
own O
possessions O
and O
to O
settle O
their O
own O
quarrels; O
that O
the O
Egestaeans O
for O
their O
part O
be O
told O
to O
end O
by O
themselves O
with O
the O
Selinuntines O
the O
war O
which O
they O
began O
without O
consulting O
the O
Athenians; O
and O
that O
for O
the O
future O
we O
do O
not O
enter O
into O
alliance O
as O
we O
have O
been O
used O
to O
do O
with O
people O
whom O
we O
must O
help O
in O
their O
need O
and O
who O
can O
never O
help O
us O
in O
ours. O
14"And O
you O
Prytanis O
if O
you O
think O
it O
your O
duty O
to O
care O
for O
the O
commonwealth O
and O
if O
you O
wish O
to O
show O
yourself O
a O
good O
citizen O
put O
the O
question O
to O
the O
vote O
and O
take O
a O
second O
time O
the O
opinions O
of O
the O
Athenians. O
If O
you O
are O
afraid O
to O
move O
the O
question O
again O
consider O
that O
a O
violation O
of O
the O
law O
cannot O
carry O
any O
prejudice O
with O
so O
many O
abettors O
that O
you O
will O
be O
the O
physician O
of O
your O
misguided O
city O
and O
that O
the O
virtue O
of O
men O
in O
office O
is O
briefly O
this O
to O
do O
their O
country O
as O
much O
good O
as O
they O
can O
or O
in O
any O
case O
no O
harm O
that O
they O
can O
avoid." O
15Such O
were O
the O
words O
of O
Nicias. O
Most O
of O
the O
Athenians O
that O
came O
forward O
spoke O
in O
favour O
of O
the O
expedition O
and O
of O
not O
annulling O
what O
had O
been O
voted O
although O
some O
spoke O
on O
the O
other O
side. O
By O
far O
the O
warmest O
advocate O
of O
the O
expedition O
was O
however O
Alcibiades O
son O
of O
Clinias O
who O
wished O
to O
thwart O
Nicias O
both O
as O
his O
political O
opponent O
and O
also O
because O
of O
the O
attack O
he O
had O
made O
upon O
him O
in O
his O
speech O
and O
who O
was O
besides O
exceedingly O
ambitious O
of O
a O
command O
by O
which O
he O
hoped O
to O
reduce O
Sicily O
and O
Carthage O
and O
personally O
to O
gain O
in O
wealth O
and O
reputation B-PER
by O
means O
of B-PER
his O
successes. O
For O
the O
position O
he O
held O
among O
the O
citizens O
led O
him O
to O
indulge O
his O
tastes O
beyond O
what O
his O
real O
means O
would O
bear O
both O
in O
keeping O
horses O
and O
in O
the O
rest O
of O
his O
expenditure; O
and O
this O
later O
on O
had O
not O
a O
little B-LOC
to O
do B-LOC
with I-LOC
the O
ruin O
of O
the O
Athenian O
state. O
Alarmed O
at O
the O
greatness O
of O
his O
licence O
in O
his O
own O
life O
and O
habits O
and O
of O
the O
ambition O
which O
he O
showed O
in O
all O
things O
soever O
that O
he O
undertook O
the O
mass O
of O
the O
people O
set O
him O
down O
as O
a O
pretender O
to O
the O
tyranny O
and O
became O
his O
enemies; O
and O
although O
publicly O
his O
conduct O
of O
the O
war O
was O
as O
good O
as O
could O
be O
desired O
individually O
his O
habits O
gave O
offence O
to O
every O
one O
and O
caused O
them O
to O
commit O
affairs O
to O
other O
hands O
and O
thus O
before O
long O
to O
ruin O
the O
city. O
Meanwhile O
he O
now O
came O
forward O
and O
gave O
the O
following O
advice O
to O
the O
Athenians O
16"Athenians O
I O
have O
a O
better O
right O
to O
command O
than O
others O
I O
must O
begin O
with O
this O
as O
Nicias O
has O
attacked O
me O
and O
at O
the O
same O
time O
I O
believe O
myself O
to O
be O
worthy O
of O
it. O
The O
things O
for O
which O
I O
am O
abused O
bring O
fame O
to O
my O
ancestors O
and O
to O
myself O
and O
to O
the O
country O
profit O
besides. O
The O
Hellenes O
after O
expecting O
to O
see O
our O
city O
ruined O
by O
the O
war O
concluded O
it O
to O
be O
even O
greater O
than O
it O
really O
is O
by O
reason B-PER
of O
the O
magnificence O
with O
which O
I O
represented O
it O
at O
the O
Olympic O
games O
when O
I O
sent O
into O
the O
lists O
seven O
chariots O
a O
number O
never O
before O
entered O
by O
any O
private O
person O
and O
won O
the O
first O
prize O
and O
was O
second O
and O
fourth O
and O
took O
care O
to O
have O
everything O
else O
in O
a O
style O
worthy O
of O
my O
victory. O
Custom O
regards O
such O
displays O
as O
honourable O
and O
they O
cannot O
be O
made O
without O
leaving O
behind O
them O
an O
impression O
of O
power. O
Again O
any O
splendour O
that O
I O
may O
have O
exhibited O
at O
home O
in O
providing O
choruses O
or O
otherwise O
is O
naturally O
envied O
by O
my O
fellow O
citizens O
but O
in O
the O
eyes O
of O
foreigners O
has O
an O
air O
of O
strength O
as O
in O
the O
other O
instance. O
And O
this O
is O
no O
useless O
folly O
when O
a O
man O
at O
his O
own O
private O
cost O
benefits O
not O
himself O
only O
but O
his O
city O
nor O
is O
it O
unfair O
that O
he O
who O
prides O
himself O
on O
his O
position O
should O
refuse O
to O
be O
upon O
an O
equality O
with O
the O
rest. O
He O
who O
is O
badly O
off O
has O
his O
misfortunes O
all O
to O
himself O
and O
as O
we O
do O
not O
see O
men O
courted O
in O
adversity O
on O
the O
like O
principle O
a O
man O
ought O
to O
accept O
the O
insolence O
of O
prosperity; O
or O
else O
let O
him O
first O
mete O
out O
equal O
measure O
to O
all O
and O
then O
demand O
to O
have O
it O
meted O
out O
to O
him. O
What O
I O
know O
is O
that O
persons O
of O
this O
kind O
and O
all O
others O
that O
have O
attained O
to O
any O
distinction O
although O
they O
may O
be O
unpopular O
in O
their O
lifetime O
in O
their O
relations O
with O
their O
fellow O
men O
and O
especially O
with O
their O
equals O
leave O
to O
posterity O
the O
desire O
of O
claiming O
connection O
with O
them O
even O
without O
any O
ground O
and O
are O
vaunted O
by O
the O
country O
to O
which O
they O
belonged O
not O
as O
strangers O
or O
ill O
doers O
but O
as O
fellow O
countrymen O
and O
heroes. O
Such O
are O
my O
aspirations O
and O
however O
I O
am O
abused O
for O
them O
in O
private O
the O
question O
is O
whether O
any O
one O
manages O
public O
affairs O
better O
than O
I O
do. O
Having O
united O
the O
most O
powerful O
states O
of O
Peloponnese O
without O
great O
danger O
or O
expense O
to O
you O
I O
compelled O
the O
Lacedaemonians O
to O
stake O
their O
all O
upon O
the O
issue O
of O
a O
single O
day O
at O
Mantinea; O
and O
although O
victorious O
in O
the O
battle O
they O
have O
never O
since O
fully O
recovered O
confidence. O
17"Thus O
did O
my O
youth O
and O
so O
called O
monstrous O
folly O
find O
fitting O
arguments O
to O
deal O
with O
the O
power O
of O
the O
Peloponnesians B-LOC
and O
by O
its O
ardour O
win O
their O
confidence O
and O
prevail. O
And O
do O
not O
be O
afraid O
of O
my O
youth O
now O
but O
while O
I O
am O
still O
in O
its O
flower O
and B-LOC
Nicias O
appears O
fortunate O
avail O
yourselves O
to O
the O
utmost O
of O
the O
services O
of O
us O
both. O
Neither O
rescind O
your O
resolution O
to O
sail O
to O
Sicily O
on O
the O
ground O
that O
you O
would O
be O
going O
to O
attack O
a O
great O
power. O
The O
cities O
in O
Sicily O
are O
peopled O
by O
motley O
rabbles O
and O
easily O
change O
their O
institutions O
and O
adopt O
new O
ones O
in O
their O
stead; O
and O
consequently O
the O
inhabitants O
being O
without O
any O
feeling O
of O
patriotism O
are O
not O
provided O
with O
arms O
for O
their O
persons O
and O
have O
not O
regularly O
established O
themselves B-LOC
on O
the O
land; O
every O
man O
thinks O
that O
either O
by O
fair O
words O
or O
by O
party O
strife O
he O
can O
obtain O
something O
at O
the O
public O
expense O
and O
then O
in O
the O
event O
of O
a O
catastrophe O
settle O
in O
some O
other O
country O
and O
makes O
his O
preparations O
accordingly. O
From O
a O
mob O
like O
this O
you O
need O
not O
look O
for O
either O
unanimity O
in O
counsel O
or O
concert O
in O
action; O
but O
they O
will O
probably O
one O
by O
one O
come O
in O
as O
they O
get O
a O
fair O
offer O
especially O
if O
they O
are O
torn O
by O
civil O
strife O
as O
we O
are O
told. O
Moreover O
the O
Siceliots O
have O
not O
so O
many O
heavy O
infantry O
as O
they O
boast; O
just O
as O
the O
Hellenes O
generally O
did O
not O
prove O
so O
numerous O
as O
each O
state O
reckoned O
itself O
but O
Hellas O
greatly O
over O
estimated O
their O
numbers O
and O
has O
hardly O
had O
an O
adequate O
force O
of O
heavy O
infantry O
throughout O
this O
war. O
The O
states O
in O
Sicily O
therefore O
from O
all O
that O
I O
can O
hear O
will O
be O
found O
as O
I O
say O
and O
I O
have O
not O
pointed O
out O
all O
our O
advantages O
for O
we O
shall O
have O
the O
help O
of O
many O
barbarians O
who O
from O
their O
hatred O
of O
the O
Syracusans O
will O
join O
us O
in O
attacking O
them; O
nor O
will O
the O
powers O
at O
home O
prove O
any O
hindrance O
if O
you O
judge O
rightly. O
Our O
fathers O
with O
these O
very O
adversaries O
which B-LOC
it I-LOC
is O
said O
we B-LOC
shall O
now O
leave O
behind O
us O
when O
we O
sail O
and O
the O
Mede O
as O
their O
enemy O
as O
well O
were O
able O
to O
win O
the O
empire O
depending O
solely O
on O
their O
superiority O
at O
sea. O
The O
Peloponnesians O
had O
never O
so O
little O
hope O
against O
us O
as O
at O
present; O
and O
let O
them O
be O
ever O
so O
sanguine O
although O
strong O
enough O
to O
invade O
our O
country O
even O
if O
we O
stay O
at O
home O
they O
can O
never O
hurt O
us O
with O
their O
navy O
as O
we O
leave O
one O
of O
our O
own O
behind O
us O
that O
is O
a O
match O
for O
them. O
18"In O
this O
state O
of O
things O
what O
reason O
can O
we O
give O
to O
ourselves O
for O
holding O
back O
or O
what O
excuse O
can O
we O
offer O
to O
our O
allies O
in O
Sicily O
for O
not O
helping O
them O
They O
are O
our O
confederates O
and O
we O
are O
bound O
to O
assist O
them O
without O
objecting O
that O
they O
have O
not O
assisted O
us. O
We O
did O
not O
take O
them O
into O
alliance O
to O
have O
them O
to O
help O
us O
in O
Hellas O
but O
that O
they O
might O
so O
annoy O
our O
enemies O
in O
Sicily O
as O
to O
prevent O
them O
from O
coming O
over O
here O
and O
attacking O
us. O
It O
is O
thus O
that O
empire O
has O
been O
won O
both O
by O
us O
and O
by O
all B-LOC
others O
that O
have O
held O
it O
by O
a O
constant O
readiness O
to O
support O
all O
whether O
barbarians O
or O
Hellenes O
that O
invite O
assistance; O
since O
if O
all O
were O
to O
keep O
quiet O
or O
to O
pick O
and O
choose O
whom O
they O
ought O
to O
assist O
we B-LOC
should O
make O
but O
few O
new O
conquests O
and O
should O
imperil B-LOC
those O
we O
have O
already O
won. O
Men O
do O
not O
rest O
content O
with O
parrying O
the O
attacks O
of O
a O
superior O
but O
often O
strike O
the O
first O
blow O
to O
prevent O
the O
attack O
being O
made. O
And O
we O
cannot O
fix O
the O
exact O
point O
at O
which O
our O
empire O
shall O
stop; O
we O
have O
reached O
a O
position O
in O
which O
we O
must O
not O
be O
content O
with O
retaining O
but O
must O
scheme O
to O
extend O
it O
for O
if O
we O
cease O
to O
rule O
others O
we O
are O
in O
danger O
of O
being O
ruled O
ourselves. O
Nor O
can O
you O
look O
at O
inaction O
from O
the O
same O
point O
of O
view O
as O
others O
unless O
you O
are O
prepared O
to O
change O
your O
habits O
and O
make O
them O
like O
theirs. O
"Be O
convinced O
then O
that O
we O
shall O
augment O
our O
power O
at O
home O
by O
this O
adventure O
abroad O
and O
let O
us O
make O
the O
expedition O
and O
so O
humble O
the O
pride O
of O
the O
Peloponnesians O
by O
sailing O
off O
to O
Sicily O
and O
letting O
them O
see O
how O
little O
we O
care O
for O
the O
peace O
that O
we O
are O
now O
enjoying; O
and O
at O
the O
same O
time O
we O
shall O
either O
become O
masters O
as O
we O
very O
easily O
may O
of O
the O
whole O
of O
Hellas O
through O
the O
accession O
of O
the O
Sicilian O
Hellenes O
or O
in O
any O
case O
ruin O
the O
Syracusans O
to O
the O
no O
small O
advantage O
of O
ourselves O
and O
our O
allies. O
The O
faculty O
of O
staying O
if O
successful O
or O
of O
returning O
will O
be O
secured O
to B-LOC
us O
by O
our O
navy O
as O
we O
shall O
be O
superior O
at O
sea O
to O
all O
the O
Siceliots O
put O
together. O
And O
do O
not O
let O
the O
do O
nothing O
policy O
which O
Nicias O
advocates O
or O
his O
setting O
of O
the O
young O
against O
the B-LOC
old O
turn O
you O
from O
your O
purpose O
but O
in O
the O
good O
old O
fashion O
by O
which O
our O
fathers O
old O
and O
young O
together O
by O
their O
united O
counsels O
brought O
our O
affairs O
to O
their O
present O
height O
do O
you O
endeavour O
still O
to O
advance O
them; O
understanding O
that O
neither O
youth O
nor O
old O
age O
can O
do O
anything O
the O
one O
without O
the O
other O
but O
that O
levity O
sobriety O
and O
deliberate O
judgment O
are O
strongest O
when O
united O
and O
that O
by O
sinking O
into O
inaction O
the O
city O
like O
everything O
else O
will O
wear O
itself O
out O
and O
its O
skill O
in O
everything O
decay; O
while O
each O
fresh O
struggle O
will O
give O
it O
fresh O
experience O
and O
make O
it O
more O
used O
to O
defend O
itself O
not O
in O
word O
but O
in O
deed. O
In O
short O
my O
conviction O
is O
that O
a O
city O
not O
inactive O
by O
nature O
could O
not O
choose O
a O
quicker O
way O
to O
ruin O
itself O
than O
by O
suddenly O
adopting O
such O
a O
policy O
and O
that O
the O
safest O
rule O
of O
life O
is O
to O
take O
one's O
character O
and O
institutions O
for O
better O
and O
for O
worse O
and O
to O
live O
up O
to O
them O
as O
closely O
as O
one O
can." O
19Such O
were O
the O
words O
of O
Alcibiades. O
After O
hearing O
him O
and O
the O
Egestaeans O
and O
some O
Leontine O
exiles O
who O
came O
forward O
reminding O
them O
of O
their O
oaths O
and O
imploring O
their O
assistance O
the O
Athenians O
became O
more O
eager O
for O
the O
expedition O
than O
before. O
Nicias O
perceiving O
that O
it O
would O
be O
now O
useless O
to O
try O
to O
deter O
them O
by O
the O
old O
line O
of O
argument O
but O
thinking O
that O
he O
might O
perhaps O
alter O
their O
resolution O
by O
the O
extravagance O
of O
his O
estimates O
came O
forward O
a B-LOC
second I-LOC
time O
and O
spoke O
as O
follows O
20"I O
see O
Athenians O
that O
you O
are O
thoroughly O
bent O
upon O
the O
expedition O
and O
therefore O
hope O
that O
all O
will O
turn O
out O
as O
we O
wish O
and O
proceed O
to O
give O
you O
my O
opinion O
at O
the O
present O
juncture. O
From O
all O
that O
I O
hear O
we O
are O
going O
against O
cities O
that O
are O
great O
and O
not O
subject O
to O
one O
another O
or O
in O
need O
of O
change O
so O
as O
to O
be O
glad O
to O
pass O
from O
enforced O
servitude O
to O
an O
easier O
condition O
or O
in O
the O
least O
likely O
to O
accept O
our O
rule O
in O
exchange O
for O
freedom; O
and O
to O
take O
only O
the O
Hellenic O
towns O
they O
are O
very O
numerous O
for O
one O
island. O
Besides O
Naxos O
and O
Catana O
which O
I O
expect O
to O
join O
us O
from O
their O
connection O
with O
Leontini O
there O
are O
seven O
others O
armed O
at O
all O
points O
just O
like O
our O
own O
power O
particularly O
Selinus O
and O
Syracuse O
the O
chief O
objects O
of O
our O
expedition. O
These O
are O
full O
of O
heavy O
infantry O
archers O
and O
darters O
have O
galleys O
in O
abundance O
and O
crowds O
to O
man O
them; O
they O
have O
also O
money O
partly O
in O
the O
hands O
of O
private O
persons O
partly O
in O
the O
temples O
at O
Selinus O
and O
at O
Syracuse O
first B-PER
fruits O
from B-PER
some O
of O
the O
barbarians O
as O
well. O
But O
their O
chief O
advantage O
over B-PER
us O
lies O
in O
the O
number O
of O
their O
horses O
and O
in O
the O
fact O
that O
they O
grow O
their O
corn O
at B-PER
home I-PER
instead O
of B-LOC
importing I-LOC
it. O
21"Against O
a O
power O
of O
this O
kind O
it O
will O
not O
do O
to O
have O
merely O
a O
weak O
naval O
armament O
but O
we O
shall O
want O
also O
a O
large O
land O
army O
to O
sail O
with O
us O
if O
we O
are O
to O
do O
anything O
worthy O
of O
our O
ambition O
and O
are O
not O
to O
be O
shut O
out O
from O
the B-LOC
country I-LOC
by O
a B-LOC
numerous I-LOC
cavalry; O
especially O
if O
the O
cities O
should O
take O
alarm O
and O
combine O
and O
we O
should O
be O
left O
without O
friends O
(except O
the O
Egestaeans) O
to O
furnish O
us O
with O
horse O
to O
defend O
ourselves O
with. O
It O
would O
be O
disgraceful O
to O
have O
to O
retire O
under O
compulsion O
or O
to O
send O
back O
for O
reinforcements O
owing O
to O
want O
of O
reflection O
at O
first O
we O
must O
therefore O
start O
from O
home O
with O
a O
competent O
force O
seeing O
that O
we O
are O
going O
to O
sail O
far O
from O
our O
country O
and O
upon O
an O
expedition O
not O
like O
any O
which O
you O
may O
have O
undertaken O
in O
the O
quality O
of O
allies O
among O
your O
subject O
states O
here O
in O
Hellas O
where O
any O
additional O
supplies O
needed O
were O
easily O
drawn O
from O
the O
friendly O
territory; O
but O
we O
are O
cutting O
ourselves O
off O
and O
going O
to O
a O
land O
entirely O
strange O
from O
which O
during O
four O
months O
in O
winter O
it O
is O
not O
even O
easy O
for O
a O
messenger O
get O
to O
Athens. O
22"I O
think O
therefore O
that O
we O
ought O
to O
take O
great O
numbers O
of O
heavy O
infantry O
both O
from O
Athens O
and O
from O
our O
allies O
and O
not O
merely O
from O
our O
subjects O
but O
also O
any O
we O
may O
be O
able O
to O
get O
for O
love O
or O
for O
money O
in B-LOC
Peloponnese O
and O
great O
numbers O
also O
of O
archers O
and O
slingers O
to O
make O
head O
against O
the O
Sicilian O
horse. O
Meanwhile O
we O
must O
have O
an O
overwhelming O
superiority O
at O
sea O
to O
enable O
us O
the O
more O
easily O
to O
carry O
in O
what O
we O
want; O
and O
we O
must O
take O
our O
own O
corn O
in B-LOC
merchant O
vessels O
that O
is O
to O
say O
wheat O
and O
parched O
barley O
and O
bakers O
from O
the O
mills O
compelled O
to B-LOC
serve O
for O
pay O
in O
the O
proper O
proportion; O
in O
order O
that O
in O
case O
of O
our O
being O
weather O
bound O
the O
armament O
may O
not O
want O
provisions B-LOC
as O
it O
is O
not O
every O
city O
that O
will O
be O
able O
to O
entertain O
numbers O
like O
ours. O
We O
must O
also O
provide O
ourselves O
with O
everything O
else O
as O
far O
as O
we O
can O
so O
as O
not O
to O
be O
dependent O
upon O
others; O
and O
above O
all O
we O
must O
take O
with O
us O
from O
home O
as O
much O
money O
as O
possible O
as O
the O
sums O
talked O
of O
as O
ready O
at O
Egesta O
are O
readier O
you O
may O
be O
sure O
in O
talk O
than O
in O
any O
other O
way. O
23"Indeed O
even O
if O
we O
leave O
Athens O
with O
a O
force O
not O
only O
equal O
to O
that O
of O
the O
enemy O
except O
in O
the O
number O
of O
heavy O
infantry O
in O
the O
field O
but O
even O
at O
all O
points O
superior O
to O
him O
we O
shall O
still O
find O
it O
difficult O
to O
conquer O
Sicily O
or O
save O
ourselves. O
We O
must O
not O
disguise O
from O
ourselves O
that O
we O
go O
to O
found O
a O
city O
among O
strangers O
and O
enemies O
and O
that O
he O
who O
undertakes O
such O
an O
enterprise O
should O
be O
prepared O
to O
become O
master O
of O
the O
country O
the O
first O
day O
he O
lands O
or O
failing O
in O
this O
to O
find O
everything O
hostile O
to B-LOC
him. O
Fearing O
this O
and O
knowing O
that O
we O
shall O
have O
need O
of O
much O
good O
counsel O
and O
more O
good O
fortune O
a O
hard O
matter O
for O
mortal O
man O
to O
aspire O
to O
I O
wish O
as O
far O
as O
may O
be O
to O
make O
myself O
independent O
of B-LOC
fortune O
before O
sailing O
and O
when O
I O
do O
sail O
to O
be O
as O
safe O
as O
a O
strong O
force O
can O
make O
me. O
This O
I O
believe O
to O
be O
surest O
for O
the O
country O
at O
large O
and O
safest O
for O
us O
who O
are O
to O
go O
on O
the O
expedition. O
If O
any O
one O
thinks O
differently O
I O
resign O
to O
him O
my O
command." O
24With O
this O
Nicias O
concluded O
thinking O
that O
he O
should O
either O
disgust O
the O
Athenians O
by O
the O
magnitude O
of O
the O
undertaking O
or O
if O
obliged O
to O
sail O
on O
the O
expedition O
would O
thus O
do O
so O
in O
the O
safest O
way O
possible. O
The O
Athenians O
however O
far O
from O
having O
their O
taste O
for O
the O
voyage O
taken O
away O
by O
the O
burdensomeness O
of O
the O
preparations O
became O
more O
eager O
for O
it O
than O
ever; O
and O
just O
the O
contrary O
took O
place O
of O
what O
Nicias O
had O
thought O
as O
it O
was O
held O
that O
he O
had O
given O
good O
advice O
and O
that O
the O
expedition O
would O
be B-PER
the I-PER
safest O
in O
the O
world. O
All O
alike O
fell O
in O
love O
with O
the O
enterprise. O
The O
older O
men O
thought O
that O
they O
would O
either O
subdue O
the O
places O
against O
which O
they O
were O
to O
sail O
or O
at O
all O
events O
with O
so O
large O
a O
force O
meet O
with O
no O
disaster; O
those O
in O
the O
prime O
of O
life O
felt O
a O
longing O
for O
foreign O
sights O
and O
spectacles O
and O
had O
no O
doubt O
that O
they O
should O
come O
safe O
home O
again; O
while O
the O
idea O
of O
the O
common O
people O
and B-PER
the O
soldiery O
was O
to O
earn O
wages O
at O
the O
moment O
and O
make O
conquests O
that O
would O
supply O
a O
never O
ending O
fund O
of O
pay O
for O
the O
future. O
With O
this O
enthusiasm O
of O
the O
majority O
the O
few O
that O
liked O
it O
not O
feared O
to O
appear O
unpatriotic O
by O
holding O
up O
their O
hands O
against O
it O
and O
so O
kept O
quiet. O
25At O
last O
one O
of O
the O
Athenians O
came O
forward O
and O
called O
upon O
Nicias O
and O
told O
him O
that O
he O
ought O
not O
to O
make O
excuses O
or O
put O
them O
off O
but O
say O
at O
once O
before O
them O
all O
what O
forces O
the O
Athenians O
should O
vote O
him. O
Upon O
this O
he O
said O
not O
without O
reluctance O
that O
he O
would O
advise O
upon O
that O
matter O
more O
at O
leisure O
with O
his O
colleagues; O
as O
far O
however O
as O
he O
could O
see O
at O
present O
they O
must O
sail O
with O
at O
least O
one O
hundred O
galleys O
the O
Athenians O
providing O
as O
many O
transports O
as O
they O
might O
determine O
and O
sending O
for O
others O
from O
the O
allies O
not O
less O
than O
five O
thousand O
heavy O
infantry O
in B-PER
all O
Athenian O
and O
allied O
and O
if O
possible O
more; O
and O
the O
rest O
of O
the O
armament O
in O
proportion; O
archers O
from O
home O
and O
from O
Crete O
and O
slingers O
and O
whatever O
else O
might O
seem O
desirable O
being O
got O
ready O
by O
the O
generals O
and O
taken O
with O
them. O
26Upon O
hearing O
this O
the O
Athenians O
at O
once O
voted O
that O
the O
generals O
should O
have O
full O
powers O
in O
the O
matter O
of O
the O
numbers O
of O
the O
army O
and O
of O
the O
expedition O
generally O
to O
do O
as O
they O
judged O
best O
for O
the O
interests O
of O
Athens. O
After O
this O
the O
preparations O
began; O
messages O
being O
sent O
to O
the O
allies O
and O
the O
rolls O
drawn O
up O
at O
home. O
And O
as O
the O
city O
had O
just O
recovered O
from O
the O
plague O
and O
the O
long O
war O
and O
a O
number O
of O
young O
men O
had O
grown O
up O
and O
capital O
had O
accumulated O
by O
reason O
of O
the O
truce O
everything O
was O
the O
more O
easily O
provided. O
27In O
the O
midst O
of O
these O
preparations O
all O
the O
stone O
Hermae O
in O
the O
city O
of O
Athens O
that O
is O
to O
say O
the O
customary O
square O
figures O
so O
common O
in O
the O
doorways O
of O
private O
houses O
and O
temples O
had O
in O
one O
night O
most O
of B-LOC
them I-LOC
their O
faces O
mutilated. O
No O
one O
knew O
who O
had O
done O
it O
but O
large O
public O
rewards O
were O
offered O
to O
find O
the O
authors; O
and O
it O
was O
further O
voted O
that O
any O
one O
who O
knew O
of O
any O
other O
act O
of O
impiety O
having O
been O
committed O
should O
come O
and O
give O
information O
without O
fear O
of O
consequences O
whether O
he O
were O
citizen O
alien O
or O
slave. O
The O
matter O
was O
taken O
up O
the O
more O
seriously O
as O
it O
was O
thought O
to O
be O
ominous B-LOC
for O
the O
expedition O
and O
part O
of O
a O
conspiracy O
to O
bring O
about O
a O
revolution O
and O
to O
upset O
the O
democracy. O
28Information O
was O
given O
accordingly O
by O
some O
resident O
aliens O
and O
body O
servants O
not O
about O
the O
Hermae O
but O
about O
some O
previous O
mutilations O
of O
other O
images O
perpetrated O
by O
young O
men O
in O
a O
drunken O
frolic O
and O
of O
mock O
celebrations O
of O
the O
mysteries O
averred O
to O
take O
place O
in O
private O
houses. O
Alcibiades O
being O
implicated O
in O
this O
charge O
it O
was O
taken O
hold O
of O
by O
those O
who O
could O
least O
endure O
him O
because O
he O
stood O
in O
the O
way O
of O
their O
obtaining O
the O
undisturbed O
direction O
of O
the O
people O
and O
who O
thought O
that O
if O
he O
were O
once O
removed O
the O
first O
place O
would O
be O
theirs. O
These O
accordingly O
magnified O
the O
matter O
and O
loudly O
proclaimed O
that O
the O
affair O
of O
the O
mysteries O
and O
the O
mutilation O
of O
the O
Hermae O
were O
part O
and O
parcel O
of O
a O
scheme O
to O
overthrow O
the O
democracy O
and O
that O
nothing O
of O
all O
this O
had O
been O
done O
without O
Alcibiades; O
the O
proofs O
alleged B-PER
being O
the O
general O
and O
undemocratic O
licence O
of O
his O
life O
and O
habits. O
29Alcibiades O
repelled O
on O
the O
spot O
the O
charges O
in O
question O
and O
also O
before O
going O
on O
the O
expedition O
the O
preparations O
for O
which O
were O
now O
complete O
offered O
to O
stand O
his O
trial O
that O
it O
might O
be O
seen O
whether O
he O
was O
guilty O
of O
the O
acts O
imputed O
to O
him; O
desiring O
to O
be O
punished O
if O
found O
guilty O
but O
if O
acquitted O
to O
take O
the O
command. O
Meanwhile O
he O
protested O
against O
their O
receiving O
slanders O
against O
him O
in O
his O
absence O
and O
begged O
them O
rather O
to O
put B-PER
him I-PER
to I-PER
death O
at O
once O
if O
he O
were O
guilty O
and O
pointed O
out O
the O
imprudence O
of O
sending O
him O
out O
at O
the O
head O
of O
so O
large O
an O
army O
with O
so O
serious O
a O
charge O
still O
undecided. O
But O
his O
enemies O
feared O
that O
he O
would O
have O
the O
army O
for O
him O
if O
he O
were O
tried O
immediately O
and O
that O
the O
people O
might O
relent O
in O
favour O
of O
the O
man O
whom O
they O
already O
caressed O
as O
the O
cause O
of O
the O
Argives O
and O
some O
of O
the O
Mantineans O
joining O
in O
the O
expedition O
and O
did O
their O
utmost O
to O
get O
this O
proposition O
rejected O
putting O
forward O
other O
orators O
who O
said O
that O
he O
ought O
at O
present O
to O
sail O
and O
not O
delay O
the O
departure O
of O
the O
army O
and O
be O
tried O
on O
his O
return O
within O
a O
fixed O
number O
of O
days; O
their O
plan O
being O
to O
have O
him O
sent O
for O
and O
brought O
home O
for O
trial O
upon O
some O
graver O
charge O
which O
they O
would O
the O
more O
easily O
get O
up O
in O
his O
absence. O
Accordingly O
it O
was O
decreed O
that O
he O
should O
sail. O
30After O
this O
the O
departure O
for O
Sicily O
took O
place O
it O
being O
now O
about O
midsummer. O
Most O
of O
the O
allies O
with O
the O
corn O
transports O
and O
the O
smaller O
craft O
and O
the O
rest O
of O
the O
expedition O
had O
already O
received O
orders O
to O
muster O
at O
Corcyra O
to O
cross O
the O
Ionian O
Sea O
from O
thence O
in O
a O
body O
to O
the O
Iapygian O
promontory. O
But O
the O
Athenians O
themselves O
and O
such O
of O
their O
allies O
as O
happened O
to O
be O
with O
them O
went O
down O
to O
Piraeus O
upon O
a O
day O
appointed O
at O
daybreak O
and O
began O
to O
man O
the O
ships O
for O
putting O
out O
to O
sea. O
With O
them O
also O
went O
down O
the O
whole O
population O
one O
may O
say O
of O
the O
city O
both O
citizens O
and O
foreigners; B-LOC
the O
inhabitants O
of O
the O
country O
each O
escorting O
those O
that O
belonged O
to O
them O
their O
friends O
their O
relatives O
or O
their O
sons O
with O
hope O
and O
lamentation O
upon O
their O
way O
as O
they O
thought O
of O
the B-LOC
conquests I-LOC
which O
they B-LOC
hoped I-LOC
to O
make O
or O
of O
the O
friends O
whom O
they O
might O
never O
see O
again O
considering O
the O
long O
voyage O
which O
they O
were O
going O
to O
make O
from O
their O
country. O
31Indeed O
at O
this B-LOC
moment I-LOC
when O
they O
were O
now O
upon O
the O
point O
of O
parting O
from O
one O
another O
the O
danger O
came O
more O
home O
to O
them O
than O
when O
they O
voted O
for O
the O
expedition; O
although O
the O
strength O
of O
the O
armament O
and O
the O
profuse O
provision O
which O
they O
remarked O
in O
every O
department O
was O
a O
sight O
that O
could O
not O
but O
comfort O
them. O
As O
for O
the O
foreigners O
and O
the O
rest O
of O
the O
crowd O
they O
simply O
went O
to O
see O
a O
sight O
worth O
looking O
at O
and O
passing O
all O
belief. O
Indeed O
this O
armament O
that O
first O
sailed O
out O
was O
by O
far O
the O
most O
costly O
and O
splendid O
Hellenic O
force O
that O
had O
ever O
been O
sent O
out O
by O
a O
single O
city O
up O
to O
that O
time. O
In O
mere O
number O
of O
ships O
and O
heavy O
infantry O
that O
against O
Epidaurus O
under O
Pericles O
and O
the O
same O
when O
going O
against O
Potidaea O
under O
Hagnon O
was O
not O
inferior; O
containing O
as O
it O
did O
four O
thousand O
Athenian O
heavy O
infantry O
three O
hundred O
horse O
and O
one O
hundred O
galleys O
accompanied O
by O
fifty O
Lesbian O
and O
Chian O
vessels O
and O
many O
allies O
besides. O
But O
these O
were O
sent O
upon O
a O
short O
voyage O
and O
with O
a O
scanty O
equipment. O
The O
present O
expedition O
was O
formed O
in O
contemplation O
of O
a O
long O
term O
of O
service O
by O
land O
and O
sea O
alike O
and O
was O
furnished O
with O
ships O
and O
troops O
so O
as O
to O
be O
ready O
for O
either O
as O
required. O
The O
fleet O
had O
been O
elaborately O
equipped O
at O
great O
cost O
to O
the O
captains O
and O
the O
state; O
the O
treasury O
giving O
a B-PER
drachma I-PER
a O
day B-PER
to I-PER
each O
seaman O
and O
providing O
empty O
ships O
sixty O
men O
of O
war O
and O
forty O
transports O
and O
manning O
these O
with O
the O
best O
crews O
obtainable O
while O
the O
captains O
gave O
a O
bounty O
in B-PER
addition O
to O
the O
pay O
from O
the O
treasury O
to O
the O
thranitae O
and O
crews O
generally O
besides O
spending O
lavishly O
upon O
figure O
heads O
and O
equipments O
and O
one O
and O
all O
making O
the O
utmost O
exertions O
to O
enable O
their O
own O
ships O
to O
excel O
in O
beauty O
and O
fast O
sailing. O
Meanwhile O
the O
land O
forces O
had O
been O
picked O
from O
the O
best O
muster O
rolls O
and O
vied O
with O
each O
other O
in O
paying O
great O
attention O
to O
their O
arms O
and O
personal O
accoutrements. O
From O
this O
resulted O
not O
only O
a O
rivalry O
among O
themselves O
in O
their O
different O
departments O
but O
an O
idea O
among O
the O
rest O
of O
the O
Hellenes O
that O
it O
was O
more O
a O
display O
of O
power O
and O
resources O
than O
an O
armament O
against O
an O
enemy. O
For O
if O
any O
one O
had O
counted O
up O
the O
public O
expenditure O
of O
the O
state O
and O
the O
private O
outlay O
of O
individuals O
that O
is O
to O
say O
the O
sums O
which O
the O
state O
had O
already O
spent O
upon O
the O
expedition O
and O
was O
sending O
out O
in O
the O
hands O
of O
the O
generals O
and O
those O
which O
individuals O
had O
expended O
upon O
their O
personal O
outfit O
or O
as O
captains O
of O
galleys O
had O
laid O
out O
and O
were O
still O
to O
lay O
out O
upon O
their O
vessels; O
and O
if O
he O
had O
added O
to O
this O
the O
journey O
money O
which O
each O
was O
likely O
to O
have O
provided O
himself O
with O
independently O
of O
the O
pay O
from O
the O
treasury O
for O
a O
voyage O
of O
such O
length O
and O
what O
the O
soldiers O
or O
traders O
took O
with O
them O
for O
the O
purpose O
of O
exchange O
it O
would O
have O
been O
found O
that O
many O
talents O
in O
all O
were O
being O
taken O
out O
of O
the O
city. O
Indeed O
the O
expedition O
became O
not O
less O
famous O
for O
its O
wonderful O
boldness O
and O
for O
the O
splendour O
of O
its O
appearance O
than O
for O
its O
overwhelming O
strength O
as O
compared O
with O
the O
peoples O
against O
whom O
it O
was O
directed O
and O
for O
the O
fact O
that O
this O
was O
the O
longest O
passage O
from O
home O
hitherto O
attempted O
and O
the O
most O
ambitious O
in O
its O
objects O
considering O
the O
resources O
of O
those O
who O
undertook O
it. O
32The O
ships O
being O
now O
manned O
and O
everything O
put O
on O
board O
with O
which O
they O
meant O
to O
sail O
the O
trumpet O
commanded O
silence O
and O
the O
prayers O
customary O
before O
putting O
out O
to O
sea O
were O
offered O
not O
in O
each O
ship O
by O
itself O
but O
by O
all O
together O
to O
the O
voice O
of O
a O
herald; O
and O
bowls O
of O
wine O
were O
mixed O
through O
all O
the O
armament O
and O
libations O
made O
by O
the O
soldiers O
and O
their O
officers O
in O
gold O
and O
silver O
goblets. O
In O
their O
prayers O
joined O
also O
the O
crowds O
on O
shore O
the O
citizens O
and O
all O
others O
that O
wished O
them O
well. O
The O
hymn O
sung O
and O
the O
libations O
finished O
they O
put O
out O
to O
sea O
and O
first O
out O
in O
column O
then O
raced O
each O
other O
as O
far O
as O
Aegina O
and O
so O
hastened O
to O
reach O
Corcyra O
where O
the O
rest O
of O
the O
allied O
forces O
were O
also O
assembling. O
Seventeenth O
Year O
of O
the O
War O
Parties O
at O
Syracuse O
Story O
of O
Harmodius O
and O
Aristogiton O
Disgrace O
of O
Alcibiades[edit] O
Meanwhile O
at O
Syracuse O
news O
came O
in O
from O
many O
quarters O
of O
the O
expedition O
but O
for O
a O
long O
while O
met O
with O
no O
credence O
whatever. O
Indeed O
an O
assembly O
was O
held O
in O
which O
speeches O
as O
will O
be O
seen O
were O
delivered O
by O
different O
orators O
believing O
or O
contradicting O
the O
report O
of O
the O
Athenian O
expedition; O
among O
whom O
Hermocrates O
son O
of O
Hermon O
came O
forward O
being O
persuaded O
that O
he O
knew O
the O
truth O
of O
the O
matter O
and B-LOC
gave O
the O
following O
counsel O
33"Although B-PER
I O
shall O
perhaps O
be O
no O
better O
believed O
than O
others O
have O
been O
when O
I O
speak O
upon O
the O
reality O
of O
the O
expedition O
and O
although O
I O
know O
that O
those O
who O
either O
make O
or O
repeat B-PER
statements I-PER
thought O
not O
worthy B-LOC
of O
belief O
not O
only O
gain O
no O
converts O
but O
are O
thought O
fools O
for O
their O
pains O
I O
shall O
certainly O
not O
be O
frightened O
into O
holding O
my O
tongue O
when O
the O
state O
is O
in O
danger O
and O
when O
I O
am O
persuaded O
that O
I O
can O
speak O
with O
more O
authority O
on O
the O
matter O
than O
other O
persons. O
Much O
as O
you O
wonder O
at O
it O
the O
Athenians O
nevertheless O
have O
set O
out O
against O
us O
with O
a O
large O
force O
naval O
and O
military O
professedly O
to O
help O
the O
Egestaeans O
and O
to O
restore O
Leontini O
but O
really O
to O
conquer O
Sicily O
and O
above O
all O
our O
city O
which O
once O
gained O
the O
rest O
they O
think O
will O
easily O
follow. O
Make O
up O
your O
minds O
therefore O
to O
see O
them O
speedily O
here O
and O
see O
how O
you O
can O
best O
repel O
them O
with O
the O
means O
under O
your O
hand O
and O
do O
be O
taken O
off O
your O
guard O
through O
despising O
the O
news O
or O
neglect O
the O
common O
weal O
through O
disbelieving O
it. O
Meanwhile O
those O
who O
believe O
me O
need O
not O
be O
dismayed O
at O
the O
force O
or O
daring O
of O
the O
enemy. O
They O
will O
not O
be O
able O
to O
do O
us O
more O
hurt O
than O
we O
shall O
do O
them; O
nor O
is O
the O
greatness O
of O
their O
armament O
altogether O
without O
advantage O
to O
us. O
Indeed O
the O
greater O
it O
is O
the O
better O
with O
regard O
to B-PER
the I-PER
rest O
of O
the O
Siceliots O
whom B-LOC
dismay O
will O
make O
more O
ready O
to O
join O
us; O
and O
if O
we O
defeat O
or O
drive O
them O
away O
disappointed O
of O
the O
objects O
of O
their O
ambition O
(for O
I O
do O
not O
fear O
for O
a O
moment O
that O
they O
will O
get O
what O
they O
want) O
it O
will O
be O
a O
most O
glorious O
exploit O
for O
us O
and O
in O
my O
judgment O
by O
no O
means O
an O
unlikely O
one. O
Few O
indeed O
have O
been O
the O
large O
armaments O
either O
Hellenic O
or O
barbarian O
that O
have O
gone O
far O
from O
home O
and O
been O
successful. O
They O
cannot O
be O
more O
numerous O
than O
the O
people O
of O
the O
country O
and O
their O
neighbours O
all O
of O
whom O
fear O
leagues O
together; O
and O
if O
they O
miscarry O
for O
want O
of O
supplies O
in O
a O
foreign O
land O
to O
those O
against O
whom O
their O
plans O
were O
laid O
none O
the O
less O
they O
leave O
renown O
although O
they O
may O
themselves O
have O
been O
the O
main O
cause O
of O
their O
own O
discomfort. O
Thus O
these O
very O
Athenians O
rose O
by O
the O
defeat O
of O
the O
Mede O
in O
a O
great O
measure O
due O
to O
accidental O
causes O
from O
the O
mere O
fact O
that O
Athens O
had O
been O
the O
object O
of O
his O
attack; O
and O
this O
may O
very O
well O
be O
the O
case O
with O
us O
also. O
34"Let O
us O
therefore O
confidently O
begin O
preparations O
here; O
let O
us O
send O
and O
confirm O
some O
of O
the O
Sicels O
and O
obtain O
the O
friendship O
and O
alliance O
of O
others O
and O
dispatch O
envoys O
to O
the O
rest O
of O
Sicily O
to O
show O
that O
the O
danger O
is O
common O
to O
all O
and O
to O
Italy O
to O
get O
them O
to O
become O
our O
allies O
or O
at O
all O
events O
to O
refuse O
to O
receive O
the O
Athenians. O
I O
also O
think O
that O
it O
would O
be O
best O
to O
send O
to O
Carthage O
as O
well; O
they O
are O
by O
no O
means O
there O
without O
apprehension O
but O
it O
is O
their O
constant O
fear O
that O
the O
Athenians O
may O
one O
day O
attack O
their O
city O
and O
they O
may O
perhaps O
think O
that O
they O
might B-LOC
themselves O
suffer O
by O
letting O
Sicily O
be O
sacrificed O
and O
be O
willing O
to O
help O
us O
secretly O
if O
not O
openly O
in O
one O
way O
if O
not O
in O
another. O
They O
are O
the O
best O
able O
to O
do O
so O
if O
they O
will O
of O
any O
of O
the O
present O
day O
as O
they O
possess O
most O
gold O
and O
silver O
by O
which O
war O
like O
everything O
else O
flourishes. B-LOC
Let O
us O
also O
send O
to O
Lacedaemon O
and O
Corinth O
and B-LOC
ask I-LOC
them O
to O
come O
here O
and O
help O
us O
as O
soon O
as O
possible O
and O
to O
keep O
alive O
the O
war O
in O
Hellas. O
But O
the O
true O
thing O
of O
all O
others O
in O
my O
opinion O
to B-LOC
do I-LOC
at O
the O
present O
moment O
is O
what O
you O
with O
your O
constitutional O
love O
of O
quiet O
will O
be O
slow O
to O
see O
and O
what O
I O
must O
nevertheless O
mention. O
If O
we O
Siceliots O
all O
together O
or O
at O
least O
as O
many O
as O
possible O
besides O
ourselves O
would B-LOC
only O
launch O
the O
whole O
of O
our O
actual O
navy O
with O
two O
months' O
provisions O
and O
meet O
the O
Athenians O
at O
Tarentum O
and O
the O
Iapygian O
promontory O
and O
show O
them O
that O
before O
fighting O
for O
Sicily O
they O
must O
first O
fight O
for O
their O
passage O
across O
the O
Ionian O
Sea O
we O
should O
strike O
dismay O
into O
their O
army O
and B-LOC
set I-LOC
them O
on B-LOC
thinking I-LOC
that O
we O
have O
a O
base O
for O
our O
defensive O
for O
Tarentum O
is O
ready O
to O
receive O
us O
while O
they O
have B-LOC
a O
wide O
sea O
to O
cross O
with O
all O
their O
armament O
which O
could O
with O
difficulty O
keep O
its O
order O
through O
so O
long O
a O
voyage O
and O
would O
be O
easy O
for O
us O
to O
attack O
as O
it O
came O
on O
slowly O
and O
in O
small O
detachments. O
On O
the O
other O
hand O
if O
they O
were O
to O
lighten O
their O
vessels O
and O
draw O
together O
their O
fast O
sailers O
and O
with O
these O
attack O
us O
we O
could O
either O
fall O
upon O
them O
when O
they O
were O
wearied O
with O
rowing O
or B-LOC
if I-LOC
we O
did O
not O
choose O
to O
do O
so O
we O
could O
retire O
to O
Tarentum; O
while O
they O
having O
crossed O
with O
few O
provisions O
just O
to O
give O
battle O
would O
be B-LOC
hard I-LOC
put O
to O
it O
in O
desolate O
places O
and O
would O
either O
have O
to O
remain O
and O
be O
blockaded O
or O
to O
try O
to O
sail O
along O
the O
coast O
abandoning O
the O
rest O
of O
their O
armament O
and O
being O
further O
discouraged O
by O
not O
knowing O
for O
certain O
whether O
the O
cities O
would O
receive O
them. O
In O
my O
opinion O
this O
consideration O
alone O
would O
be O
sufficient O
to O
deter O
them O
from O
putting O
out O
from O
Corcyra; O
and O
what O
with O
deliberating O
and O
reconnoitring O
our O
numbers O
and O
whereabouts O
they O
would O
let O
the O
season O
go O
on O
until O
winter O
was O
upon O
them O
or O
confounded O
by O
so O
unexpected O
a O
circumstance O
would O
break O
up O
the O
expedition O
especially O
as O
their O
most O
experienced O
general O
has B-LOC
as O
I O
hear O
taken O
the O
command O
against O
his O
will O
and O
would O
grasp O
at O
the O
first O
excuse O
offered O
by O
any O
serious O
demonstration O
of O
ours. O
We O
should O
also O
be O
reported O
I O
am O
certain O
as O
more O
numerous O
than O
we O
really O
are O
and O
men's O
minds O
are O
affected O
by O
what O
they O
hear O
and O
besides O
the O
first O
to O
attack O
or O
to O
show O
that O
they O
mean O
to O
defend O
themselves O
against O
an O
attack O
inspire O
greater O
fear O
because O
men O
see O
that O
they O
are O
ready O
for O
the O
emergency. O
This O
would B-LOC
just O
be O
the O
case O
with O
the O
Athenians O
at O
present. O
They O
are O
now O
attacking O
us O
in O
the O
belief O
that O
we O
shall O
not O
resist O
having O
a O
right O
to O
judge O
us O
severely O
because O
we O
did O
not O
help O
the O
Lacedaemonians O
in O
crushing O
them; O
but O
if O
they O
were O
to O
see O
us O
showing O
a O
courage O
for O
which O
they O
are O
not O
prepared O
they O
would O
be O
more O
dismayed O
by O
the O
surprise O
than O
they O
could O
ever O
be O
by O
our O
actual O
power. O
I O
could O
wish O
to O
persuade O
you O
to O
show O
this O
courage; O
but O
if O
this O
cannot O
be O
at O
all O
events O
lose O
not O
a O
moment O
in O
preparing O
generally O
for O
the O
war; O
and O
remember O
all O
of O
you O
that O
contempt O
for O
an O
assailant O
is O
best O
shown O
by O
bravery O
in O
action O
but O
that O
for O
the O
present O
the O
best O
course O
is O
to O
accept O
the O
preparations O
which O
fear O
inspires O
as O
giving O
the O
surest O
promise O
of O
safety O
and O
to O
act O
as O
if O
the O
danger O
was O
real. O
That O
the O
Athenians O
are O
coming O
to O
attack O
us O
and O
are O
already O
upon O
the O
voyage O
and O
all O
but O
here O
this O
is O
what O
I O
am O
sure O
of." O
35Thus O
far O
spoke O
Hermocrates. O
Meanwhile O
the O
people O
of O
Syracuse O
were O
at O
great O
strife O
among O
themselves; O
some O
contending O
that O
the O
Athenians O
had O
no O
idea O
of O
coming O
and O
that O
there O
was O
no O
truth O
in O
what O
he O
said; O
some O
asking O
if O
they O
did O
come O
what O
harm O
they O
could O
do O
that O
would O
not O
be O
repaid O
them O
tenfold O
in O
return; O
while O
others O
made O
light O
of O
the O
whole O
affair O
and O
turned O
it O
into O
ridicule. O
In O
short O
there O
were O
few O
that O
believed O
Hermocrates O
and O
feared O
for O
the O
future. O
Meanwhile O
Athenagoras O
the O
leader O
of O
the O
people O
and O
very O
powerful O
at O
that O
time O
with O
the O
masses O
came O
forward O
and O
spoke O
as O
follows O
36"For O
the O
Athenians O
he O
who O
does O
not O
wish O
that O
they O
may O
be O
as O
misguided O
as O
they O
are O
supposed O
to O
be O
and O
that O
they O
may O
come O
here O
to O
become O
our O
subjects O
is O
either O
a O
coward O
or O
a O
traitor O
to O
his B-LOC
country; I-LOC
while O
as O
for O
those O
who O
carry O
such O
tidings O
and O
fill O
you O
with O
so O
much O
alarm O
I O
wonder O
less O
at O
their O
audacity O
than O
at O
their O
folly O
if O
they O
flatter O
themselves O
that O
we O
do O
not O
see O
through O
them. O
The O
fact O
is O
that O
they O
have O
their O
private O
reasons O
to O
be O
afraid O
and O
wish O
to O
throw O
the O
city O
into O
consternation O
to O
have O
their O
own O
terrors O
cast O
into O
the O
shade O
by O
the O
public O
alarm. O
In O
short O
this O
is O
what O
these O
reports O
are O
worth; O
they O
do O
not O
arise O
of O
themselves O
but O
are O
concocted O
by O
men O
who O
are O
always O
causing O
agitation O
here O
in O
Sicily. O
However O
if O
you O
are O
well O
advised O
you O
will O
not O
be O
guided O
in O
your O
calculation O
of O
probabilities O
by O
what O
these O
persons O
tell O
you O
but O
by O
what O
shrewd O
men O
and O
of O
large O
experience O
as O
I O
esteem O
the O
Athenians O
to O
be O
would O
be O
likely O
to O
do. O
Now O
it O
is O
not O
likely O
that O
they O
would O
leave O
the O
Peloponnesians O
behind O
them O
and O
before O
they O
have O
well O
ended O
the O
war O
in O
Hellas O
wantonly O
come O
in O
quest O
of O
a O
new O
war O
quite O
as O
arduous O
in O
Sicily; O
indeed O
in O
my O
judgment O
they O
are O
only O
too O
glad O
that O
we O
do O
not O
go O
and O
attack O
them O
being O
so O
many O
and O
so O
great O
cities O
as O
we O
are. O
37"However O
if O
they O
should O
come O
as O
is O
reported O
I O
consider O
Sicily O
better O
able O
to O
go O
through O
with O
the O
war O
than O
Peloponnese O
as O
being O
at O
all O
points O
better O
prepared O
and O
our O
city O
by O
itself O
far B-LOC
more I-LOC
than O
a O
match O
for O
this O
pretended O
army O
of O
invasion O
even O
were O
it O
twice O
as O
large O
again. O
I O
know O
that O
they O
will O
not O
have O
horses O
with O
them O
or O
get O
any O
here O
except O
a O
few O
perhaps O
from O
the O
Egestaeans; O
or O
be O
able O
to O
bring O
a O
force O
of O
heavy O
infantry O
equal O
in O
number O
to O
our O
own O
in O
ships O
which O
will O
already O
have O
enough O
to O
do O
to O
come O
all O
this O
distance O
however O
lightly O
laden B-LOC
not O
to O
speak O
of O
the O
transport O
of O
the O
other O
stores O
required O
against O
a O
city O
of O
this O
magnitude O
which O
will O
be O
no O
slight O
quantity. O
In O
fact O
so O
strong O
is O
my O
opinion O
upon O
the O
subject O
that O
I O
do O
not O
well O
see O
how O
they O
could O
avoid O
annihilation O
if O
they O
brought O
with B-LOC
them O
another O
city O
as O
large O
as O
Syracuse O
and O
settled O
down B-LOC
and O
carried O
on O
war O
from O
our O
frontier; O
much O
less O
can O
they O
hope O
to O
succeed O
with O
all O
Sicily O
hostile O
to O
them O
as O
all O
Sicily O
will O
be O
and O
with O
only O
a O
camp O
pitched O
from O
the O
ships O
and O
composed O
of O
tents O
and O
bare O
necessaries O
from O
which O
they O
would O
not O
be O
able O
to O
stir O
far O
for O
fear O
of O
our O
cavalry. O
In O
fact O
I O
do O
not O
think O
they O
will O
win O
any O
ground O
at O
all O
such O
is O
how O
superior O
I O
believe O
our O
force O
will O
be. O
38"But O
the O
Athenians O
see O
this O
as O
I O
tell O
you O
and O
as O
I O
have O
reason O
to O
know O
are O
looking O
after O
their O
possessions O
at O
home O
while O
persons O
here O
invent O
stories O
that O
neither O
are O
true O
nor O
ever O
will O
be. O
Nor O
is O
this O
the O
first O
time O
that O
I O
see O
these O
persons O
when O
they O
cannot O
resort O
to O
deeds O
trying O
by O
such O
stories O
and O
by O
others O
even O
more O
abominable O
to B-LOC
frighten I-LOC
your O
people O
and O
get O
into O
their O
hands O
the O
government O
it O
is O
what O
I O
see O
always. O
And O
I O
cannot O
help O
fearing B-LOC
that O
trying O
so O
often O
they O
may B-LOC
one O
day O
succeed O
and O
that O
we O
as O
long O
as O
we O
do O
not O
feel O
the O
smart O
may O
prove O
too O
weak O
for O
the O
task O
of O
prevention O
or O
when O
the O
offenders O
are O
known O
of O
pursuit. O
The O
result O
is O
that O
our O
city O
is O
rarely O
at O
rest O
but O
is O
subject O
to O
constant O
troubles O
and O
to O
contests O
as O
frequent O
against O
herself O
as O
against O
the O
enemy O
not O
to O
speak O
of O
occasional O
tyrannies O
and O
infamous O
cabals. O
However O
I O
will O
try O
if O
you O
will O
support O
me O
to O
let O
nothing O
of O
this O
happen O
in O
our O
time O
by O
gaining O
you O
the O
many O
and O
by O
chastising O
the O
authors O
of O
such O
machinations O
not O
merely O
when O
they O
are O
caught O
in O
the O
act O
a O
difficult O
feat O
to O
accomplish O
but O
also O
for O
what O
they O
have O
the O
wish O
though O
not O
the O
power O
to O
do; O
as O
it O
is O
necessary O
to O
punish O
an O
enemy O
not O
only O
for O
what O
he O
does O
but O
also O
beforehand O
for O
what O
he O
intends O
to O
do O
if O
the O
first O
to O
relax O
precaution O
would O
not O
be O
also O
the O
first O
to O
suffer. O
I O
shall O
also O
reprove O
watch O
and O
on O
occasion O
warn O
the O
few O
the O
most O
effectual O
way O
in O
my O
opinion O
of O
turning O
them O
from O
their O
evil O
courses. O
And O
after O
all O
as O
I O
have O
often O
asked O
what O
would O
you O
have O
young O
men O
Would O
you O
hold O
office O
at O
once O
The O
law O
forbids O
it O
a O
law O
enacted O
rather O
because O
you O
are O
not O
competent O
than O
to O
disgrace O
you O
when O
competent. O
Meanwhile O
you O
would O
not O
be O
on O
a O
legal O
equality O
with O
the O
many! O
But O
how O
can O
it O
be O
right O
that O
citizens O
of O
the O
same O
state O
should O
be O
held O
unworthy O
of O
the O
same O
privileges O
39"It O
will O
be O
said O
perhaps O
that O
democracy O
is O
neither O
wise O
nor O
equitable O
but O
that O
the O
holders O
of O
property O
are O
also O
the O
best O
fitted O
to O
rule. O
I O
say O
on O
the O
contrary O
first O
that O
the O
word O
demos O
or O
people O
includes O
the O
whole O
state O
oligarchy O
only O
a O
part; O
next O
that O
if O
the O
best O
guardians O
of O
property O
are O
the O
rich O
and O
the O
best O
counsellors O
the O
wise O
none O
can O
hear O
and O
decide O
so O
well O
as O
the O
many; O
and O
that O
all O
these O
talents O
severally O
and O
collectively O
have O
their O
just O
place O
in O
a O
democracy. O
But O
an O
oligarchy O
gives O
the O
many O
their O
share O
of O
the O
danger O
and O
not O
content O
with O
the O
largest O
part O
takes O
and O
keeps O
the O
whole O
of O
the O
profit; O
and O
this O
is O
what O
the O
powerful O
and O
young O
among O
you O
aspire O
to O
but O
in O
a O
great O
city O
cannot O
possibly O
obtain. O
But O
even O
now O
foolish O
men O
most O
senseless O
of O
all O
the O
Hellenes O
that O
I O
know O
if O
you O
have O
no O
sense O
of O
the O
wickedness O
of O
your O
designs O
or O
most O
criminal O
if O
you O
have O
that O
sense O
and O
still O
dare O
to O
pursue O
them. O
40"Even O
now O
if O
it O
is O
not O
a O
case O
for O
repentance O
you O
may O
still O
learn O
wisdom O
and O
thus O
advance O
the O
interest O
of O
the O
country O
the O
common O
interest O
of O
us O
all. O
Reflect O
that O
in O
the O
country's O
prosperity O
the O
men O
of O
merit O
in O
your O
ranks O
will O
have O
a O
share O
and O
a O
larger O
share O
than O
the O
great O
mass O
of O
your O
fellow O
countrymen O
but O
that O
if O
you O
have O
other O
designs O
you O
run O
a O
risk O
of O
being O
deprived O
of O
all; O
and O
desist O
from O
reports O
like O
these O
as O
the O
people O
know O
your O
object O
and O
will O
not O
put O
up O
with O
it. O
If O
the O
Athenians O
arrive O
this O
city O
will O
repulse O
them O
in O
a O
manner O
worthy O
of O
itself; O
we O
have O
moreover O
generals O
who O
will O
see O
to O
this O
matter. O
And O
if O
nothing O
of O
this O
be O
true O
as O
I O
incline O
to O
believe O
the O
city O
will O
not O
be O
thrown O
into O
a O
panic O
by O
your O
intelligence O
or O
impose O
upon O
itself O
a O
self O
chosen O
servitude O
by O
choosing O
you O
for O
its O
rulers; O
the O
city O
itself O
will O
look O
into O
the O
matter O
and O
will O
judge O
your O
words O
as O
if O
they O
were O
acts O
and O
instead O
of O
allowing O
itself O
to O
be O
deprived O
of O
its O
liberty O
by O
listening O
to O
you O
will O
strive O
to O
preserve O
that O
liberty O
by O
taking O
care O
to O
have O
always O
at O
hand O
the O
means O
of O
making O
itself O
respected." O
41Such O
were O
the O
words O
of O
Athenagoras. O
One O
of O
the O
generals O
now O
stood O
up O
and O
stopped O
any O
other O
speakers O
coming O
forward O
adding O
these O
words O
of O
his O
own O
with O
reference O
to O
the O
matter O
in O
hand O
"It O
is O
not O
well O
for O
speakers O
to O
utter O
calumnies O
against O
one O
another O
or O
for O
their O
hearers O
to O
entertain O
them; O
we O
ought O
rather O
to O
look O
to O
the O
intelligence O
that O
we O
have O
received O
and O
see O
how O
each O
man O
by O
himself O
and O
the O
city O
as O
a O
whole O
may O
best O
prepare O
to O
repel O
the O
invaders. O
Even O
if O
there O
be O
no O
need O
there O
is O
no O
harm O
in O
the O
state O
being O
furnished O
with O
horses O
and O
arms O
and O
all O
other O
insignia O
of O
war; O
and O
we O
will O
undertake O
to O
see O
to O
and O
order O
this O
and O
to O
send O
round O
to O
the O
cities O
to O
reconnoitre O
and O
do O
all O
else O
that O
may O
appear O
desirable. O
Part O
of O
this O
we O
have O
seen O
to O
already O
and O
whatever O
we O
discover O
shall O
be O
laid O
before O
you." O
After O
these O
words O
from O
the O
general O
the O
Syracusans O
departed B-LOC
from O
the O
assembly. O
42In O
the O
meantime O
the O
Athenians O
with O
all O
their O
allies O
had O
now O
arrived O
at O
Corcyra. O
Here O
the O
generals O
began O
by O
again O
reviewing O
the O
armament O
and O
made O
arrangements O
as O
to O
the O
order O
in O
which O
they O
were O
to O
anchor O
and O
encamp O
and O
dividing O
the O
whole O
fleet O
into O
three O
divisions O
allotted O
one O
to O
each O
of O
their O
number O
to O
avoid O
sailing O
all O
together O
and O
being O
thus O
embarrassed O
for O
water O
harbourage O
or O
provisions O
at O
the O
stations O
which O
they O
might O
touch O
at O
and O
at O
the O
same O
time O
to O
be O
generally O
better O
ordered O
and O
easier O
to O
handle O
by O
each O
squadron O
having O
its O
own O
commander. O
Next O
they O
sent O
on O
three O
ships O
to O
Italy O
and O
Sicily O
to O
find O
out O
which O
of O
the O
cities O
would O
receive O
them O
with O
instructions O
to O
meet O
them O
on O
the O
way O
and O
let O
them O
know O
before O
they O
put O
in O
to O
land. O
43After O
this O
the O
Athenians O
weighed O
from O
Corcyra O
and O
proceeded O
to O
cross O
to O
Sicily O
with O
an O
armament O
now O
consisting O
of O
one O
hundred O
and O
thirty O
four O
galleys O
in O
all O
(besides O
two B-LOC
Rhodian O
fifty O
oars) O
of O
which O
one O
hundred O
were O
Athenian O
vessels O
sixty O
men O
of O
war O
and O
forty O
troopships O
and O
the O
remainder O
from O
Chios O
and O
the O
other O
allies; O
five O
thousand O
and O
one O
hundred O
heavy O
infantry O
in O
all O
that O
is O
to O
say O
fifteen O
hundred O
Athenian O
citizens O
from O
the O
rolls O
at O
Athens O
and O
seven O
hundred O
Thetes O
shipped O
as O
marines O
and O
the O
rest O
allied O
troops O
some O
of O
them O
Athenian O
subjects O
and O
besides O
these O
five O
hundred O
Argives O
and O
two O
hundred O
and O
fifty O
Mantineans O
serving O
for O
hire; O
four O
hundred O
and O
eighty O
archers O
in O
all O
eighty O
of O
whom O
were B-LOC
Cretans O
seven O
hundred O
slingers O
from O
Rhodes O
one O
hundred O
and O
twenty O
light O
armed O
exiles O
from O
Megara O
and O
one O
horse O
transport O
carrying O
thirty O
horses. O
44Such O
was O
the O
strength O
of O
the O
first O
armament B-LOC
that O
sailed O
over O
for O
the O
war. B-LOC
The O
supplies O
for O
this O
force O
were O
carried O
by O
thirty O
ships O
of O
burden O
laden O
with O
corn O
which O
conveyed O
the O
bakers O
stone O
masons O
and O
carpenters O
and O
the O
tools O
for O
raising O
fortifications O
accompanied O
by O
one O
hundred O
boats O
like O
the O
former O
pressed O
into O
the O
service O
besides O
many O
other O
boats O
and O
ships O
of O
burden O
which O
followed O
the O
armament O
voluntarily O
for O
purposes O
of O
trade; O
all O
of O
which B-LOC
now O
left O
Corcyra O
and O
struck O
across O
the O
Ionian O
Sea O
together. O
The O
whole O
force O
making O
land O
at O
the O
Iapygian O
promontory O
and O
Tarentum O
with O
more O
or O
less O
good O
fortune O
coasted O
along O
the O
shores O
of O
Italy O
the O
cities O
shutting O
their O
markets O
and O
gates O
against O
them O
and O
according O
them O
nothing O
but O
water O
and O
liberty O
to B-LOC
anchor I-LOC
and O
Tarentum O
and O
Locri O
not O
even O
that O
until O
they O
arrived B-LOC
at O
Rhegium O
the O
extreme O
point O
of O
Italy. O
Here O
at O
length O
they O
reunited O
and O
not O
gaining O
admission O
within O
the O
walls O
pitched O
a O
camp O
outside O
the O
city O
in O
the O
precinct O
of O
Artemis O
where O
a O
market O
was O
also O
provided O
for O
them O
and O
drew O
their O
ships O
on O
shore O
and O
kept O
quiet. O
Meanwhile O
they O
opened O
negotiations O
with O
the O
Rhegians O
and O
called O
upon O
them O
as O
Chalcidians O
to O
assist O
their O
Leontine O
kinsmen; O
to O
which O
the O
Rhegians O
replied O
that O
they O
would O
not O
side O
with O
either O
party O
but O
should O
await O
the O
decision O
of O
the O
rest O
of O
the O
Italiots O
and B-LOC
do O
as O
they O
did. O
Upon O
this O
the B-LOC
Athenians I-LOC
now O
began O
to O
consider O
what O
would O
be O
the O
best O
action O
to O
take O
in O
the B-LOC
affairs I-LOC
of O
Sicily O
and O
meanwhile O
waited O
for O
the O
ships O
sent O
on O
to O
come O
back B-LOC
from O
Egesta O
in O
order O
to O
know O
whether O
there O
was O
really O
there O
the O
money O
mentioned O
by O
the O
messengers O
at O
Athens. O
45In O
the O
meantime O
came B-PER
in O
from B-PER
all O
quarters O
to O
the O
Syracusans O
as O
well O
as B-LOC
from I-LOC
their O
own O
officers O
sent O
to B-LOC
reconnoitre O
the O
positive O
tidings O
that O
the O
fleet O
was O
at O
Rhegium; O
upon O
which O
they O
laid O
aside O
their O
incredulity O
and O
threw O
themselves O
heart B-LOC
and O
soul O
into O
the O
work O
of O
preparation. O
Guards O
or O
envoys O
as O
the O
case O
might O
be O
were O
sent O
round O
to O
the O
Sicels O
garrisons O
put O
into O
the O
posts O
of O
the O
Peripoli O
in O
the O
country O
horses O
and O
arms O
reviewed O
in O
the O
city O
to O
see O
that O
nothing O
was O
wanting O
and O
all O
other O
steps O
taken O
to O
prepare O
for O
a O
war O
which O
might O
be O
upon O
them O
at O
any O
moment. O
46Meanwhile O
the O
three O
ships O
that O
had O
been O
sent O
on O
came O
from O
Egesta O
to O
the O
Athenians O
at O
Rhegium O
with O
the O
news O
that O
so O
far O
from O
there O
being O
the O
sums B-LOC
promised I-LOC
all O
that O
could O
be O
produced O
was O
thirty O
talents. O
The O
generals O
were B-LOC
not O
a O
little O
disheartened O
at O
being O
thus O
disappointed O
at O
the O
outset O
and O
by O
the O
refusal O
to O
join B-LOC
in O
the O
expedition O
of O
the O
Rhegians O
the O
people O
they O
had O
first O
tried O
to O
gain O
and O
had O
had O
had O
most O
reason O
to O
count O
upon O
from O
their O
relationship O
to O
the O
Leontines O
and O
constant O
friendship O
for O
Athens. O
If O
Nicias O
was O
prepared O
for O
the O
news O
from O
Egesta O
his O
two O
colleagues O
were O
taken O
completely O
by O
surprise. O
The O
Egestaeans O
had O
had O
recourse O
to O
the O
following O
stratagem O
when O
the O
first O
envoys O
from O
Athens O
came O
to B-LOC
inspect I-LOC
their O
resources. O
They O
took O
the O
envoys O
in O
question O
to O
the O
temple O
of O
Aphrodite O
at O
Eryx O
and O
showed O
them O
the O
treasures O
deposited O
there O
bowls O
wine O
ladles O
censers O
and O
a O
large O
number O
of O
other O
pieces O
of O
plate O
which O
from O
being O
in O
silver O
gave B-LOC
an I-LOC
impression O
of O
wealth O
quite B-LOC
out O
of O
proportion O
to O
their O
really O
small O
value. O
They O
also O
privately O
entertained O
the O
ships' O
crews O
and O
collected O
all O
the O
cups O
of O
gold O
and O
silver O
that O
they O
could O
find O
in O
Egesta O
itself O
or O
could O
borrow O
in O
the O
neighbouring O
Phoenician O
and O
Hellenic O
towns O
and O
each O
brought O
them O
to O
the O
banquets O
as O
their O
own; O
and O
as O
all O
used O
pretty O
nearly O
the O
same O
and O
everywhere O
a O
great O
quantity O
of O
plate B-LOC
was I-LOC
shown O
the O
effect O
was O
most O
dazzling O
upon O
the B-PER
Athenian I-PER
sailors O
and O
made O
them O
talk O
loudly B-LOC
of O
the O
riches O
they O
had O
seen O
when O
they O
got O
back O
to O
Athens. O
The O
dupes O
in O
question O
who O
had O
in O
their O
turn O
persuaded O
the O
rest O
when O
the O
news O
got O
abroad B-LOC
that O
there O
was O
not O
the O
money O
supposed O
at O
Egesta O
were O
much O
blamed O
by O
the O
soldiers. O
Meanwhile O
the O
generals B-LOC
consulted O
upon O
what O
was O
to O
be O
done. O
47The O
opinion O
of O
Nicias O
was O
to O
sail O
with O
all O
the O
armament O
to O
Selinus O
the O
main O
object O
of O
the O
expedition O
and O
if O
the O
Egestaeans O
could O
provide O
money O
for O
the O
whole O
force O
to O
advise O
accordingly; O
but O
if O
they O
could O
not O
to O
require O
them O
to O
supply O
provisions O
for O
the O
sixty O
ships O
that O
they O
had O
asked O
for O
to O
stay O
and O
settle O
matters B-LOC
between O
them O
and O
the O
Selinuntines O
either O
by O
force O
or O
by O
agreement O
and O
then O
to O
coast O
past O
the O
other O
cities O
and O
after O
displaying O
the O
power O
of O
Athens O
and O
proving O
their O
zeal O
for O
their O
friends O
and O
allies O
to O
sail O
home O
again O
(unless O
they O
should O
have O
some O
sudden O
and O
unexpected O
opportunity O
of O
serving O
the O
Leontines O
or O
of O
bringing O
over O
some O
of O
the O
other O
cities) O
and B-LOC
not O
to O
endanger O
the O
state O
by O
wasting O
its O
home O
resources. O
48Alcibiades O
said O
that O
a O
great O
expedition O
like O
the O
present O
must O
not O
disgrace O
itself B-LOC
by O
going O
away O
without O
having O
done O
anything; O
heralds O
must O
be O
sent O
to O
all O
the O
cities O
except O
Selinus O
and O
Syracuse O
and B-PER
efforts O
be O
made O
to O
make O
some O
of O
the O
Sicels O
revolt B-PER
from O
the O
Syracusans O
and O
to O
obtain O
the O
friendship O
of O
others O
in O
order O
to O
have O
corn O
and O
troops; O
and O
first O
of O
all O
to O
gain O
the O
Messinese O
who O
lay O
right O
in O
the O
passage O
and O
entrance O
to O
Sicily O
and O
would O
afford O
an O
excellent O
harbour O
and O
base O
for O
the O
army. O
Thus O
after O
bringing O
over O
the O
towns O
and O
knowing O
who O
would O
be O
their O
allies O
in O
the O
war O
they O
might O
at O
length O
attack O
Syracuse O
and O
Selinus; O
unless O
the O
latter O
came O
to O
terms O
with O
Egesta O
and O
the O
former O
ceased O
to O
oppose O
the O
restoration O
of O
Leontini. O
49Lamachus O
on O
the O
other O
hand O
said O
that O
they O
ought O
to O
sail O
straight O
to B-LOC
Syracuse I-LOC
and O
fight O
their O
battle O
at O
once O
under O
the O
walls O
of O
the O
town O
while O
the O
people O
were O
still O
unprepared O
and O
the O
panic O
at O
its O
height. O
Every O
armament O
was O
most O
terrible O
at O
first; O
if O
it O
allowed O
time O
to O
run O
on O
without O
showing O
itself O
men's O
courage O
revived O
and O
they O
saw O
it O
appear O
at O
last O
almost O
with B-PER
indifference. O
By O
attacking O
suddenly O
while O
Syracuse O
still O
trembled O
at O
their O
coming O
they O
would O
have O
the O
best O
chance O
of O
gaining O
a O
victory O
for O
themselves O
and O
of O
striking O
a O
complete O
panic O
into O
the O
enemy O
by O
the O
aspect O
of O
their O
numbers O
which O
would O
never O
appear O
so O
considerable O
as O
at O
present O
by O
the O
anticipation O
of O
coming O
disaster O
and O
above O
all O
by O
the O
immediate O
danger O
of O
the O
engagement. O
They O
might O
also O
count O
upon O
surprising O
many O
in O
the O
fields O
outside B-LOC
incredulous O
of O
their O
coming; O
and O
at O
the O
moment O
that B-PER
the O
enemy O
was O
carrying O
in O
his O
property O
the O
army O
would O
not B-LOC
want I-LOC
for O
booty O
if O
it O
sat O
down O
in O
force O
before O
the O
city. O
The O
rest O
of O
the O
Siceliots O
would B-LOC
thus O
be O
immediately O
less O
disposed O
to O
enter O
into O
alliance O
with O
the O
Syracusans O
and O
would O
join O
the O
Athenians O
without O
waiting O
to O
see O
which O
were O
the O
strongest. O
They O
must O
make O
Megara O
their O
naval O
station O
as O
a O
place O
to O
retreat O
to O
and O
a O
base O
from O
which O
to O
attack O
it O
was O
an O
uninhabited O
place O
at O
no O
great O
distance O
from O
Syracuse O
either O
by O
land O
or O
by O
sea. O
50After O
speaking O
to O
this O
effect O
Lamachus O
nevertheless O
gave O
his O
support O
to O
the O
opinion O
of O
Alcibiades. O
After O
this O
Alcibiades O
sailed O
in O
his O
own O
vessel O
across O
to O
Messina O
with O
proposals O
of O
alliance O
but O
met O
with O
no O
success O
the O
inhabitants O
answering O
that O
they O
could O
not O
receive O
him O
within O
their O
walls O
though O
they O
would O
provide O
him O
with O
a O
market O
outside. O
Upon O
this O
he O
sailed O
back O
to O
Rhegium. O
Immediately O
upon O
his O
return O
the O
generals O
manned O
and O
victualled O
sixty O
ships O
out O
of O
the O
whole O
fleet O
and O
coasted O
along O
to O
Naxos O
leaving O
the O
rest O
of O
the O
armament O
behind O
them O
at O
Rhegium O
with O
one O
of O
their O
number. O
Received O
by O
the O
Naxians O
they O
then O
coasted O
on O
to O
Catana O
and O
being O
refused O
admittance O
by O
the O
inhabitants O
there O
being O
a O
Syracusan O
party O
in O
the O
town O
went O
on O
to O
the O
river O
Terias. O
Here B-LOC
they I-LOC
bivouacked O
and O
the O
next O
day O
sailed O
in O
single O
file O
to O
Syracuse O
with O
all O
their O
ships O
except O
ten O
which O
they O
sent O
on O
in O
front O
to O
sail O
into B-LOC
the I-LOC
great O
harbour O
and O
see O
if O
there O
was O
any O
fleet O
launched O
and O
to B-PER
proclaim I-PER
by O
herald O
from O
shipboard O
that O
the O
Athenians O
were O
come B-LOC
to I-LOC
restore O
the O
Leontines B-PER
to O
their O
country O
as O
being O
their O
allies O
and B-PER
kinsmen O
and O
that O
such O
of O
them O
therefore O
as O
were O
in O
Syracuse O
should O
leave O
it O
without O
fear O
and O
join O
their O
friends O
and O
benefactors O
the O
Athenians. O
After O
making O
this O
proclamation O
and O
reconnoitring O
the O
city O
and O
the O
harbours O
and O
the O
features O
of O
the O
country O
which O
they O
would O
have O
to O
make O
their O
base O
of O
operations O
in O
the O
war O
they O
sailed O
back O
to O
Catana. O
51An B-LOC
assembly O
being O
held O
here O
the O
inhabitants O
refused O
to B-LOC
receive I-LOC
the O
armament O
but O
invited O
the O
generals O
to O
come O
in O
and O
say O
what O
they O
desired; O
and O
while O
Alcibiades O
was O
speaking O
and O
the O
citizens O
were O
intent O
on O
the O
assembly O
the O
soldiers O
broke O
down O
an O
ill O
walled O
up O
postern O
gate O
without O
being O
observed O
and O
getting O
inside O
the O
town O
flocked O
into B-LOC
the O
marketplace. O
The O
Syracusan O
party O
in O
the O
town O
no O
sooner O
saw O
the O
army O
inside O
than O
they O
became O
frightened O
and O
withdrew O
not O
being O
at O
all O
numerous; O
while O
the O
rest O
voted O
for O
an O
alliance O
with O
the O
Athenians O
and O
invited O
them O
to O
fetch O
the O
rest O
of O
their O
forces O
from O
Rhegium. O
After O
this O
the O
Athenians O
sailed O
to O
Rhegium O
and O
put O
off O
this B-LOC
time I-LOC
with O
all O
the O
armament O
for O
Catana O
and O
fell O
to O
work O
at O
their O
camp O
immediately O
upon O
their O
arrival. O
52Meanwhile O
word O
was O
brought O
them O
from O
Camarina O
that O
if O
they O
went O
there O
the O
town O
would O
go O
over O
to O
them O
and O
also O
that O
the O
Syracusans O
were O
manning O
a O
fleet. O
The O
Athenians O
accordingly O
sailed O
alongshore O
with O
all O
their O
armament O
first O
to O
Syracuse O
where O
they O
found O
no O
fleet O
manning O
and O
so O
always O
along O
the O
coast O
to O
Camarina O
where O
they O
brought O
to O
at O
the O
beach B-PER
and I-PER
sent O
a O
herald O
to O
the O
people O
who O
however O
refused O
to O
receive O
them O
saying O
that O
their O
oaths O
bound O
them O
to O
receive O
the O
Athenians O
only O
with O
a O
single O
vessel O
unless O
they O
themselves O
sent O
for O
more. O
Disappointed O
here O
the O
Athenians O
now O
sailed O
back O
again O
and O
after O
landing O
and O
plundering O
on O
Syracusan O
territory O
and O
losing O
some O
stragglers O
from O
their O
light O
infantry O
through O
the O
coming O
up O
of O
the O
Syracusan O
horse O
so O
got O
back O
to O
Catana. O
53There O
they O
found O
the B-LOC
Salaminia I-LOC
come O
from O
Athens O
for O
Alcibiades O
with O
orders O
for O
him O
to O
sail O
home O
to O
answer O
the O
charges O
which O
the B-PER
state O
brought O
against O
him O
and O
for O
certain O
others O
of O
the O
soldiers O
who O
with O
him O
were O
accused O
of O
sacrilege O
in B-LOC
the I-LOC
matter O
of O
the O
mysteries O
and O
of O
the O
Hermae. O
For O
the O
Athenians O
after O
the O
departure O
of O
the O
expedition O
had O
continued O
as O
active O
as O
ever O
in O
investigating O
the O
facts O
of O
the O
mysteries O
and O
of O
the O
Hermae B-LOC
and O
instead O
of O
testing O
the O
informers O
in O
their O
suspicious O
temper O
welcomed O
all B-LOC
indifferently O
arresting O
and O
imprisoning O
the O
best O
citizens O
upon O
the O
evidence O
of O
rascals O
and O
preferring O
to O
sift O
the O
matter O
to O
the O
bottom O
sooner O
than O
to O
let O
an O
accused O
person O
of O
good O
character O
pass O
unquestioned O
owing O
to O
the O
rascality O
of O
the O
informer. O
The O
commons O
had O
heard O
how O
oppressive O
the O
tyranny O
of O
Pisistratus O
and O
his O
sons O
had O
become O
before O
it O
ended O
and O
further O
that O
that O
had O
been O
put O
down O
at O
last O
not O
by O
themselves O
and O
Harmodius O
but O
by O
the O
Lacedaemonians O
and O
so B-LOC
were I-LOC
always O
in O
fear O
and O
took O
everything B-LOC
suspiciously. O
54Indeed O
the B-PER
daring I-PER
action O
of O
Aristogiton O
and O
Harmodius O
was O
undertaken O
in O
consequence O
of O
a O
love O
affair O
which O
I O
shall O
relate O
at O
some O
length O
to O
show O
that O
the O
Athenians O
are O
not O
more O
accurate O
than O
the O
rest O
of O
the O
world O
in O
their O
accounts O
of O
their O
own O
tyrants O
and O
of O
the O
facts O
of O
their O
own O
history. O
Pisistratus O
dying O
at O
an O
advanced O
age O
in O
possession O
of O
the O
tyranny O
was O
succeeded O
by O
his O
eldest O
son O
Hippias O
and O
not O
Hipparchus O
as O
is O
vulgarly O
believed. O
Harmodius O
was O
then O
in O
the O
flower O
of O
youthful O
beauty O
and O
Aristogiton O
a O
citizen O
in O
the O
middle O
rank O
of O
life O
was O
his O
lover O
and O
possessed O
him. O
Solicited O
without O
success O
by O
Hipparchus O
son O
of O
Pisistratus O
Harmodius O
told O
Aristogiton O
and O
the O
enraged O
lover O
afraid O
that O
the O
powerful O
Hipparchus O
might O
take O
Harmodius O
by O
force O
immediately O
formed O
a O
design O
such O
as O
his O
condition O
in O
life O
permitted O
for O
overthrowing O
the O
tyranny. O
In O
the O
meantime O
Hipparchus O
after O
a O
second O
solicitation O
of O
Harmodius O
attended O
with O
no O
better O
success O
unwilling O
to O
use O
violence O
arranged O
to O
insult O
him O
in O
some O
covert O
way. O
Indeed O
generally B-LOC
their O
government O
was O
not O
grievous O
to O
the O
multitude O
or O
in O
any O
way O
odious O
in O
practice; O
and O
these O
tyrants O
cultivated O
wisdom O
and O
virtue O
as O
much O
as O
any O
and O
without O
exacting O
from O
the O
Athenians O
more O
than O
a O
twentieth O
of O
their O
income O
splendidly O
adorned O
their O
city O
and O
carried O
on O
their O
wars O
and O
provided O
sacrifices O
for O
the O
temples. O
For O
the O
rest O
the O
city O
was O
left O
in B-PER
full I-PER
enjoyment O
of O
its O
existing O
laws O
except O
that O
care O
was O
always O
taken O
to O
have O
the O
offices O
in O
the O
hands O
of O
some B-PER
one I-PER
of I-PER
the O
family. O
Among O
those O
of O
them O
that O
held O
the O
yearly O
archonship O
at O
Athens O
was O
Pisistratus O
son O
of O
the O
tyrant O
Hippias O
and O
named O
after O
his O
grandfather B-PER
who B-PER
dedicated I-PER
during O
his O
term O
of O
office O
the O
altar O
to O
the O
twelve O
gods O
in O
the O
market O
place O
and O
that O
of O
Apollo O
in O
the O
Pythian O
precinct. O
The O
Athenian O
people O
afterwards O
built O
on O
to O
and O
lengthened O
the O
altar O
in O
the O
market O
place O
and O
obliterated O
the O
inscription; O
but O
that O
in O
the O
Pythian O
precinct O
can O
still O
be O
seen O
though O
in O
faded O
letters O
and O
is O
to O
the O
following O
effect O
Pisistratus O
the O
son O
of O
Hippias O
Sent O
up O
this O
record O
of O
his O
archonship O
In O
precinct O
of O
Apollo O
Pythias. O
55That O
Hippias O
was O
the O
eldest O
son O
and O
succeeded O
to O
the O
government O
is O
what O
I O
positively O
assert O
as O
a O
fact O
upon O
which O
I O
have O
had O
more O
exact O
accounts O
than O
others O
and O
may O
be O
also O
ascertained O
by O
the O
following O
circumstance. O
He O
is O
the O
only O
one O
of O
the O
legitimate O
brothers O
that O
appears O
to O
have O
had O
children; O
as O
the O
altar O
shows O
and O
the O
pillar O
placed O
in O
the O
Athenian O
Acropolis O
commemorating O
the O
crime O
of O
the O
tyrants O
which O
mentions O
no O
child O
of O
Thessalus O
or O
of O
Hipparchus O
but O
five O
of O
Hippias O
which O
he B-LOC
had I-LOC
by O
Myrrhine O
daughter O
of O
Callias O
son O
of B-PER
Hyperechides; I-PER
and O
naturally O
the O
eldest O
would O
have O
married O
first. O
Again O
his O
name O
comes O
first O
on O
the O
pillar O
after O
that O
of O
his O
father; O
and O
this O
too O
is O
quite O
natural O
as O
he O
was O
the O
eldest O
after O
him O
and O
the O
reigning O
tyrant. O
Nor O
can O
I O
ever O
believe O
that O
Hippias O
would O
have O
obtained O
the O
tyranny O
so O
easily O
if O
Hipparchus O
had O
been O
in O
power O
when O
he O
was O
killed O
and O
he O
Hippias O
had O
had O
to O
establish O
himself O
upon O
the O
same O
day; O
but O
he O
had O
no O
doubt O
been B-LOC
long O
accustomed O
to O
overawe O
the O
citizens O
and O
to O
be O
obeyed O
by O
his O
mercenaries O
and O
thus O
not O
only O
conquered O
but O
conquered O
with O
ease O
without O
experiencing O
any O
of O
the O
embarrassment O
of O
a O
younger O
brother O
unused O
to O
the O
exercise O
of O
authority. O
It O
was O
the O
sad O
fate O
which O
made O
Hipparchus O
famous O
that O
got O
him O
also O
the O
credit O
with O
posterity O
of O
having O
been O
tyrant. O
56To O
return O
to O
Harmodius; O
Hipparchus O
having O
been O
repulsed O
in O
his O
solicitations O
insulted B-LOC
him I-LOC
as O
he O
had O
resolved O
by O
first O
inviting O
a O
sister O
of O
his O
a O
young O
girl O
to O
come O
and O
bear O
a O
basket O
in O
a O
certain O
procession O
and O
then O
rejecting O
her B-PER
on I-PER
the O
plea O
that O
she B-PER
had I-PER
never O
been O
invited O
at O
all O
owing O
to O
her O
unworthiness. O
If O
Harmodius O
was O
indignant O
at O
this O
Aristogiton O
for O
his O
sake O
now O
became O
more O
exasperated O
than O
ever; O
and O
having O
arranged O
everything O
with O
those O
who O
were O
to O
join O
them O
in O
the O
enterprise O
they O
only O
waited O
for O
the O
great B-PER
feast O
of O
the O
Panathenaea O
the O
sole O
day O
upon O
which O
the O
citizens O
forming O
part O
of O
the O
procession O
could O
meet O
together B-PER
in O
arms O
without O
suspicion. O
Aristogiton O
and O
Harmodius O
were O
to O
begin O
but O
were O
to O
be O
supported O
immediately O
by O
their O
accomplices O
against O
the O
bodyguard. O
The O
conspirators O
were O
not O
many O
for O
better O
security O
besides O
which O
they O
hoped O
that O
those O
not O
in O
the O
plot O
would O
be O
carried O
away O
by O
the O
example O
of O
a O
few O
daring O
spirits O
and O
use O
the O
arms O
in O
their O
hands O
to O
recover O
their O
liberty. O
57At O
last O
the O
festival O
arrived; O
and O
Hippias O
with O
his O
bodyguard O
was O
outside O
the O
city O
in O
the O
Ceramicus O
arranging O
how O
the O
different O
parts O
of O
the O
procession O
were O
to O
proceed. O
Harmodius O
and O
Aristogiton O
had O
already O
their O
daggers O
and O
were O
getting O
ready O
to O
act O
when O
seeing O
one O
of O
their O
accomplices O
talking O
familiarly O
with O
Hippias O
who O
was O
easy O
of O
access O
to O
every O
one O
they O
took O
fright O
and O
concluded O
that O
they O
were O
discovered B-PER
and O
on O
the O
point O
of O
being O
taken; O
and O
eager O
if O
possible O
to O
be O
revenged O
first O
upon O
the O
man O
who O
had O
wronged O
them O
and O
for O
whom O
they O
had O
undertaken O
all O
this O
risk O
they O
rushed O
as O
they O
were O
within B-LOC
the I-LOC
gates O
and O
meeting O
with O
Hipparchus O
by O
the O
Leocorium O
recklessly O
fell O
upon O
him O
at O
once O
infuriated O
Aristogiton O
by O
love O
and B-PER
Harmodius I-PER
by O
insult O
and O
smote O
him O
and O
slew O
him. O
Aristogiton O
escaped O
the O
guards O
at O
the O
moment O
through O
the O
crowd O
running O
up O
but O
was O
afterwards O
taken O
and O
dispatched O
in O
no O
merciful O
way O
Harmodius O
was O
killed O
on O
the O
spot. O
58When O
the O
news O
was O
brought O
to O
Hippias O
in O
the O
Ceramicus O
he O
at O
once O
proceeded O
not O
to O
the O
scene O
of O
action O
but O
to O
the O
armed O
men O
in O
the O
procession O
before O
they O
being O
some O
distance B-PER
away O
knew O
anything O
of O
the O
matter O
and O
composing O
his B-LOC
features I-LOC
for O
the O
occasion O
so O
as O
not O
to O
betray O
himself O
pointed O
to O
a O
certain O
spot O
and O
bade O
them B-PER
repair I-PER
thither O
without O
their O
arms. O
They O
withdrew O
accordingly O
fancying O
he O
had O
something O
to O
say; O
upon O
which O
he O
told O
the O
mercenaries O
to O
remove O
the O
arms O
and O
there O
and O
then O
picked O
out O
the O
men O
he O
thought O
guilty O
and O
all O
found O
with O
daggers O
the O
shield O
and O
spear O
being O
the O
usual O
weapons O
for O
a O
procession. O
59In O
this O
way O
offended O
love O
first O
led O
Harmodius O
and O
Aristogiton O
to O
conspire O
and O
the O
alarm O
of O
the O
moment O
to O
commit O
the O
rash O
action O
recounted. O
After O
this O
the O
tyranny O
pressed O
harder O
on O
the O
Athenians O
and O
Hippias O
now O
grown O
more O
fearful O
put B-LOC
to I-LOC
death O
many O
of O
the O
citizens O
and O
at O
the O
same O
time O
began O
to O
turn O
his B-PER
eyes I-PER
abroad I-PER
for O
a O
refuge O
in O
case O
of O
revolution. O
Thus O
although O
an O
Athenian O
he O
gave O
his O
daughter O
Archedice O
to O
a O
Lampsacene O
Aeantides O
son O
of O
the O
tyrant O
of O
Lampsacus O
seeing O
that O
they O
had O
great O
influence O
with B-PER
Darius. O
And O
there O
is O
her O
tomb O
in O
Lampsacus O
with O
this O
inscription O
Archedice O
lies O
buried O
in O
this O
earth O
Hippias O
her O
sire O
and O
Athens O
gave O
her O
birth; O
Unto O
her O
bosom O
pride O
was O
never O
known O
Though O
daughter O
wife O
and O
sister O
to O
the O
throne. O
Hippias O
after O
reigning O
three O
years O
longer O
over O
the O
Athenians O
was O
deposed O
in O
the O
fourth O
by O
the O
Lacedaemonians O
and O
the O
banished O
Alcmaeonidae O
and O
went O
with O
a O
safe O
conduct O
to O
Sigeum O
and O
to O
Aeantides O
at O
Lampsacus O
and O
from O
thence O
to O
King O
Darius; O
from O
whose O
court O
he O
set O
out O
twenty O
years O
after O
in O
his O
old O
age O
and O
came O
with O
the O
Medes O
to O
Marathon. O
60With O
these O
events O
in O
their O
minds O
and O
recalling O
everything O
they O
knew O
by O
hearsay B-LOC
on I-LOC
the O
subject O
the O
Athenian O
people O
grow O
difficult O
of O
humour O
and O
suspicious O
of O
the O
persons O
charged O
in O
the O
affair O
of O
the O
mysteries O
and O
persuaded O
that B-PER
all I-PER
that O
had O
taken O
place O
was O
part O
of O
an O
oligarchical O
and O
monarchical O
conspiracy. O
In O
the O
state O
of O
irritation O
thus O
produced O
many O
persons O
of O
consideration O
had O
been O
already O
thrown O
into O
prison O
and O
far O
from O
showing B-PER
any O
signs O
of O
abating O
public B-PER
feeling O
grew O
daily O
more O
savage B-LOC
and O
more O
arrests O
were O
made; O
until O
at O
last O
one O
of B-PER
those I-PER
in O
custody O
thought O
to O
be B-LOC
the I-LOC
most I-LOC
guilty O
of O
all O
was O
induced O
by O
a O
fellow O
prisoner O
to O
make O
a O
revelation O
whether O
true O
or B-LOC
not I-LOC
is O
a O
matter O
on O
which O
there O
are O
two O
opinions O
no O
one O
having O
been O
able O
either O
then O
or O
since O
to O
say O
for O
certain O
who B-PER
did O
the O
deed. O
However O
this O
may O
be O
the O
other O
found O
arguments O
to O
persuade O
him O
that O
even O
if O
he O
had O
not O
done O
it O
he O
ought O
to O
save O
himself O
by O
gaining O
a O
promise O
of O
impunity O
and O
free B-LOC
the O
state O
of B-LOC
its I-LOC
present O
suspicions; B-LOC
as O
he O
would O
be O
surer O
of B-PER
safety O
if O
he O
confessed O
after O
promise O
of O
impunity O
than O
if O
he O
denied O
and O
were O
brought O
to O
trial. O
He O
accordingly O
made O
a O
revelation O
affecting O
himself O
and O
others O
in O
the O
affair O
of O
the O
Hermae; O
and O
the O
Athenian O
people O
glad O
at O
last O
as O
they O
supposed O
to O
get O
at O
the O
truth O
and O
furious O
until O
then O
at O
not O
being O
able O
to O
discover O
those O
who O
had O
conspired O
against O
the O
commons O
at O
once O
let O
go O
the O
informer O
and O
all O
the O
rest O
whom O
he O
had O
not O
denounced O
and O
bringing O
the O
accused O
to O
trial O
executed O
as O
many O
as O
were O
apprehended O
and O
condemned O
to O
death O
such O
as O
had O
fled O
and O
set O
a O
price O
upon O
their O
heads. O
In O
this O
it O
was O
after O
all O
not O
clear O
whether O
the O
sufferers O
had O
been O
punished O
unjustly O
while O
in O
any O
case O
the O
rest O
of O
the O
city O
received O
immediate O
and O
manifest O
relief. O
61To O
return O
to O
Alcibiades O
public O
feeling O
was O
very O
hostile O
to O
him O
being O
worked O
on O
by O
the O
same O
enemies O
who O
had O
attacked O
him O
before O
he O
went O
out; O
and O
now O
that O
the O
Athenians O
fancied O
that O
they O
had O
got O
at O
the O
truth O
of O
the O
matter O
of O
the O
Hermae O
they O
believed O
more O
firmly O
than O
ever O
that O
the O
affair O
of O
the O
mysteries O
also O
in O
which O
he O
was O
implicated O
had O
been O
contrived O
by O
him O
in O
the O
same O
intention O
and O
was O
connected O
with O
the O
plot O
against O
the O
democracy. O
Meanwhile O
it O
so O
happened O
that O
just O
at O
the O
time O
of O
this O
agitation O
a O
small O
force O
of O
Lacedaemonians O
had O
advanced O
as O
far O
as O
the O
Isthmus O
in O
pursuance O
of O
some O
scheme O
with O
the O
Boeotians. O
It O
was O
now O
thought O
that O
this O
had O
come O
by O
appointment O
at O
his O
instigation O
and O
not O
on O
account O
of O
the O
Boeotians O
and O
that O
if O
the O
citizens O
had O
not O
acted O
on O
the O
information O
received O
and O
forestalled O
them O
by O
arresting O
the O
prisoners O
the O
city O
would O
have O
been O
betrayed. O
The O
citizens O
went O
so O
far O
as O
to O
sleep O
one O
night O
armed O
in O
the O
temple O
of O
Theseus O
within O
the O
walls. O
The O
friends O
also O
of O
Alcibiades O
at O
Argos O
were O
just O
at O
this O
time O
suspected O
of O
a O
design O
to O
attack O
the O
commons; O
and O
the O
Argive O
hostages O
deposited O
in O
the O
islands O
were O
given O
up O
by O
the O
Athenians O
to O
the O
Argive B-PER
people I-PER
to O
be O
put O
to O
death O
upon O
that O
account O
in O
short O
everywhere O
something O
was O
found O
to O
create O
suspicion O
against O
Alcibiades. O
It O
was O
therefore O
decided O
to O
bring O
him O
to O
trial O
and O
execute O
him O
and O
the O
Salaminia O
was O
sent O
to O
Sicily O
for O
him O
and O
the O
others O
named O
in O
the O
information O
with O
instructions O
to O
order O
him O
to O
come O
and O
answer O
the O
charges O
against O
him O
but O
not O
to O
arrest O
him O
because O
they O
wished O
to O
avoid O
causing O
any O
agitation O
in O
the O
army O
or O
among O
the O
enemy O
in O
Sicily O
and O
above O
all O
to O
retain O
the O
services O
of O
the O
Mantineans O
and O
Argives O
who O
it O
was O
thought O
had O
been O
induced O
to O
join O
by O
his O
influence. O
Alcibiades O
with O
his O
own O
ship O
and O
his O
fellow O
accused O
accordingly O
sailed O
off O
with O
the O
Salaminia O
from O
Sicily O
as O
though O
to O
return O
to O
Athens O
and O
went O
with O
her O
as O
far O
as O
Thurii O
and O
there O
they O
left O
the O
ship O
and O
disappeared O
being O
afraid O
to O
go O
home O
for O
trial O
with O
such O
a O
prejudice O
existing O
against O
them. O
The O
crew O
of O
the O
Salaminia O
stayed O
some O
time O
looking O
for O
Alcibiades O
and O
his O
companions O
and O
at O
length O
as O
they B-LOC
were I-LOC
nowhere O
to O
be O
found O
set O
sail O
and O
departed. O
Alcibiades O
now O
an O
outlaw O
crossed O
in O
a O
boat O
not O
long O
after O
from O
Thurii O
to O
Peloponnese; O
and O
the O
Athenians O
passed O
sentence O
of O
death O
by O
default O
upon O
him O
and O
those O
in O
his O
company. O
Seventeenth O
and O
Eighteenth O
Years O
of O
the O
War O
Inaction O
of O
the O
Athenian O
Army B-PER
Alcibiades I-PER
at O
Sparta O
Investment O
of O
Syracuse[edit] O
62The O
Athenian O
generals O
left O
in B-LOC
Sicily I-LOC
now O
divided O
the B-LOC
armament O
into O
two O
parts O
and O
each O
taking O
one O
by O
lot O
sailed O
with O
the O
whole O
for O
Selinus O
and O
Egesta O
wishing O
to O
know O
whether O
the O
Egestaeans O
would O
give O
the O
money O
and O
to O
look O
into O
the O
question O
of O
Selinus O
and O
ascertain O
the O
state O
of O
the O
quarrel O
between B-LOC
her O
and O
Egesta. O
Coasting O
along O
Sicily O
with O
the O
shore O
on O
their B-PER
left I-PER
on O
the O
side O
towards O
the O
Tyrrhene O
Gulf O
they O
touched O
at O
Himera O
the O
only B-PER
Hellenic I-PER
city O
in O
that O
part O
of O
the O
island O
and O
being O
refused O
admission O
resumed O
their O
voyage. B-LOC
On O
their B-LOC
way O
they O
took O
Hyccara O
a O
petty B-LOC
Sicanian O
seaport O
nevertheless O
at B-PER
war I-PER
with O
Egesta O
and O
making O
slaves O
of O
the O
inhabitants O
gave O
up O
the O
town O
to O
the O
Egestaeans O
some O
of O
whose O
horse O
had O
joined O
them; O
after O
which O
the O
army O
proceeded O
through O
the O
territory O
of O
the O
Sicels B-PER
until I-PER
it O
reached O
Catana O
while O
the O
fleet O
sailed O
along O
the O
coast O
with O
the O
slaves O
on O
board. O
Meanwhile O
Nicias B-PER
sailed O
straight O
from O
Hyccara O
along O
the O
coast O
and O
went O
to O
Egesta B-LOC
and O
after O
transacting O
his O
other O
business O
and O
receiving O
thirty O
talents O
rejoined O
the O
forces. O
They O
now O
sold O
their O
slaves O
for O
the O
sum O
of O
one O
hundred O
and O
twenty O
talents O
and O
sailed O
round O
to O
their O
Sicel O
allies O
to O
urge O
them O
to O
send B-LOC
troops; I-LOC
and O
meanwhile O
went O
with O
half O
their O
own B-LOC
force O
to O
the O
hostile O
town O
of O
Hybla O
in O
the O
territory O
of O
Gela O
but O
did O
not O
succeed O
in O
taking O
it. O
Summer O
was O
now O
over. B-LOC
63The O
winter O
following O
the O
Athenians O
at O
once O
began O
to O
prepare O
for O
moving O
on O
Syracuse O
and O
the O
Syracusans O
on O
their O
side O
for O
marching O
against O
them. O
From O
the O
moment O
when B-LOC
the O
Athenians O
failed O
to B-LOC
attack O
them O
instantly O
as O
they O
at O
first O
feared O
and O
expected O
every B-LOC
day I-LOC
that O
passed O
did O
something B-LOC
to O
revive O
their O
courage; O
and O
when O
they O
saw O
them O
sailing O
far O
away O
from O
them O
on O
the O
other O
side O
of O
Sicily O
and O
going O
to O
Hybla O
only B-PER
to I-PER
fail O
in O
their O
attempts O
to O
storm O
it O
they O
thought O
less O
of B-PER
them I-PER
than O
ever O
and O
called O
upon O
their O
generals O
as O
the O
multitude O
is O
apt O
to O
do O
in O
its O
moments O
of O
confidence O
to O
lead O
them O
to O
Catana O
since O
the O
enemy O
would O
not O
come O
to O
them. O
Parties O
also O
of O
the O
Syracusan O
horse B-PER
employed O
in O
reconnoitring O
constantly O
rode O
up O
to O
the O
Athenian O
armament O
and O
among O
other O
insults O
asked O
them O
whether B-LOC
they O
had O
not O
really O
come O
to O
settle B-LOC
with O
the O
Syracusans O
in O
a O
foreign O
country O
rather O
than O
to O
resettle O
the O
Leontines O
in O
their O
own. O
64Aware O
of O
this O
the O
Athenian O
generals O
determined O
to O
draw O
them O
out O
in O
mass O
as O
far O
as O
possible O
from O
the O
city B-PER
and O
themselves O
in O
the O
meantime O
to O
sail O
by O
night O
alongshore O
and O
take O
up O
at O
their O
leisure O
a O
convenient O
position. O
This O
they O
knew O
they O
could B-LOC
not O
so O
well O
do O
if O
they O
had O
to O
disembark O
from O
their O
ships O
in O
front O
of O
a O
force O
prepared O
for O
them O
or O
to O
go O
by O
land O
openly. O
The O
numerous O
cavalry B-LOC
of O
the O
Syracusans O
(a O
force O
which O
they O
were O
themselves O
without) O
would O
then O
be O
able O
to O
do O
the O
greatest O
mischief O
to O
their O
light O
troops O
and O
the O
crowd O
that O
followed O
them; O
but O
this O
plan O
would O
enable O
them O
to O
take O
up O
a O
position O
in O
which O
the O
horse O
could O
do O
them O
no O
hurt O
worth O
speaking O
of O
some O
Syracusan O
exiles O
with O
the O
army O
having O
told O
them O
of O
the O
spot O
near O
the O
Olympieum O
which O
they O
afterwards O
occupied. O
In O
pursuance O
of O
their O
idea O
the O
generals O
imagined O
the O
following O
stratagem. O
They O
sent O
to O
Syracuse O
a O
man O
devoted O
to O
them O
and B-PER
by O
the O
Syracusan O
generals O
thought O
to O
be O
no O
less O
in O
their O
interest; O
he O
was O
a O
native O
of O
Catana O
and O
said O
he O
came O
from O
persons O
in O
that O
place O
whose O
names O
the O
Syracusan O
generals O
were O
acquainted O
with O
and O
whom O
they O
knew O
to O
be O
among O
the O
members O
of O
their O
party O
still O
left O
in O
the O
city. O
He O
told O
them O
that O
the O
Athenians B-LOC
passed O
the O
night O
in O
the O
town O
at O
some O
distance O
from O
their O
arms O
and O
that O
if O
the O
Syracusans O
would O
name O
a O
day O
and O
come O
with O
all O
their O
people O
at O
daybreak O
to O
attack O
the O
armament O
they O
their O
friends O
would O
close O
the O
gates O
upon O
the O
troops O
in O
the O
city O
and O
set O
fire O
to O
the O
vessels O
while O
the O
Syracusans O
would O
easily O
take O
the O
camp O
by O
an O
attack O
upon O
the O
stockade. O
In O
this O
they O
would O
be O
aided O
by O
many O
of O
the O
Catanians O
who O
were O
already O
prepared O
to O
act O
and O
from O
whom O
he O
himself O
came. O
65The O
generals O
of O
the O
Syracusans O
who O
did O
not O
want O
confidence O
and O
who O
had O
intended O
even O
without O
this O
to O
march O
on O
Catana O
believed O
the O
man O
without O
any O
sufficient O
inquiry O
fixed O
at O
once O
a O
day O
upon O
which O
they O
would O
be O
there O
and O
dismissed O
him O
and O
the O
Selinuntines O
and O
others O
of O
their O
allies O
having O
now O
arrived O
gave O
orders O
for O
all O
the O
Syracusans O
to O
march O
out O
in O
mass. O
Their O
preparations O
completed O
and O
the O
time O
fixed O
for O
their O
arrival O
being O
at O
hand O
they O
set O
out O
for O
Catana O
and O
passed O
the O
night O
upon O
the O
river O
Symaethus O
in O
the O
Leontine O
territory. O
Meanwhile O
the B-PER
Athenians O
no O
sooner O
knew O
of O
their O
approach O
than O
they O
took O
all O
their O
forces O
and O
such O
of O
the O
Sicels O
or O
others O
as O
had O
joined O
them O
put O
them O
on O
board O
their O
ships O
and O
boats O
and O
sailed O
by O
night O
to O
Syracuse. O
Thus O
when O
morning O
broke O
the O
Athenians O
were O
landing O
opposite O
the O
Olympieum O
ready O
to O
seize O
their O
camping O
ground O
and O
the O
Syracusan O
horse O
having O
ridden O
up O
first O
to O
Catana O
and O
found O
that O
all O
the O
armament O
had O
put O
to O
sea O
turned O
back O
and O
told O
the O
infantry O
and O
then O
all O
turned O
back O
together O
and O
went O
to O
the O
relief O
of O
the O
city. O
66In O
the O
meantime O
as O
the O
march O
before O
the O
Syracusans O
was O
a O
long O
one O
the O
Athenians O
quietly O
sat O
down O
their O
army O
in O
a O
convenient O
position O
where O
they O
could O
begin O
an O
engagement O
when O
they O
pleased O
and O
where O
the O
Syracusan O
cavalry O
would O
have O
least O
opportunity O
of O
annoying O
them O
either O
before O
or O
during O
the B-LOC
action O
being O
fenced O
off O
on O
one O
side O
by O
walls O
houses O
trees O
and O
by O
a O
marsh O
and O
on O
the O
other O
by O
cliffs. O
They O
also O
felled O
the O
neighbouring O
trees O
and O
carried O
them O
down O
to O
the O
sea O
and O
formed O
a O
palisade O
alongside O
of O
their O
ships O
and O
with O
stones O
which O
they O
picked O
up O
and O
wood O
hastily O
raised O
a O
fort O
at O
Daskon O
the O
most O
vulnerable O
point O
of O
their O
position O
and O
broke B-PER
down O
the O
bridge O
over O
the O
Anapus. O
These O
preparations O
were O
allowed B-PER
to O
go O
on O
without O
any O
interruption O
from O
the O
city O
the O
first O
hostile O
force O
to O
appear O
being O
the O
Syracusan O
cavalry O
followed O
afterwards O
by O
all O
the O
foot O
together. O
At O
first O
they O
came O
close O
up O
to O
the O
Athenian O
army O
and O
then O
finding B-LOC
that O
they O
did O
not O
offer O
to O
engage O
crossed O
the O
Helorine O
road O
and O
encamped O
for O
the O
night. O
67The O
next O
day O
the O
Athenians O
and O
their O
allies O
prepared O
for O
battle O
their O
dispositions O
being O
as O
follows O
Their O
right O
wing O
was O
occupied O
by O
the O
Argives O
and O
Mantineans O
the O
centre O
by O
the O
Athenians O
and O
the O
rest O
of O
the O
field O
by O
the O
other O
allies. O
Half O
their O
army O
was O
drawn O
up O
eight O
deep O
in O
advance O
half O
close O
to O
their O
tents O
in O
a O
hollow O
square O
formed O
also O
eight O
deep O
which O
had O
orders O
to O
look O
out O
and O
be O
ready O
to O
go O
to O
the O
support O
of O
the O
troops O
hardest O
pressed. O
The O
camp O
followers O
were O
placed O
inside O
this O
reserve. O
The O
Syracusans O
meanwhile O
formed O
their O
heavy O
infantry O
sixteen O
deep O
consisting O
of O
the O
mass O
levy O
of O
their O
own O
people O
and O
such O
allies O
as O
had O
joined O
them O
the O
strongest O
contingent O
being O
that O
of O
the O
Selinuntines; O
next O
to O
them O
the O
cavalry O
of O
the O
Geloans O
numbering O
two O
hundred O
in O
all O
with O
about O
twenty O
horse O
and O
fifty O
archers O
from O
Camarina. O
The O
cavalry B-LOC
was O
posted O
on O
their O
right O
full O
twelve O
hundred O
strong O
and O
next O
to O
it O
the O
darters. O
As O
the O
Athenians O
were O
about O
to O
begin O
the O
attack O
Nicias O
went O
along O
the O
lines O
and O
addressed O
these O
words O
of O
encouragement O
to O
the O
army O
and O
the O
nations O
composing O
it O
68"Soldiers O
a O
long O
exhortation O
is O
little O
needed O
by O
men O
like O
ourselves O
who O
are O
here O
to O
fight O
in O
the O
same O
battle O
the O
force O
itself O
being O
to O
my O
thinking O
more O
fit B-LOC
to I-LOC
inspire O
confidence O
than O
a O
fine O
speech O
with O
a O
weak O
army. O
Where O
we O
have O
Argives O
Mantineans O
Athenians O
and O
the O
first O
of O
the O
islanders O
in O
the O
ranks O
together O
it O
were O
strange O
indeed O
with O
so O
many O
and O
so O
brave O
companions O
in O
arms O
if O
we O
did O
not O
feel O
confident O
of O
victory; O
especially O
when O
we O
have O
mass O
levies O
opposed O
to O
our O
picked O
troops O
and O
what O
is O
more O
Siceliots O
who O
may O
disdain O
us O
but O
will O
not O
stand O
against O
us O
their O
skill O
not O
being O
at O
all O
commensurate O
to O
their O
rashness. O
You O
may O
also O
remember O
that O
we O
are O
far O
from O
home O
and O
have O
no O
friendly O
land O
near O
except O
what O
your O
own O
swords O
shall O
win O
you; O
and O
here O
I O
put O
before O
you O
a O
motive O
just O
the O
reverse O
of O
that O
which O
the O
enemy O
are O
appealing O
to; O
their O
cry O
being O
that O
they O
shall O
fight O
for O
their O
country O
mine O
that O
we O
shall O
fight O
for O
a O
country O
that O
is O
not O
ours O
where O
we O
must O
conquer O
or O
hardly O
get O
away O
as O
we O
shall O
have O
their O
horse O
upon O
us O
in O
great B-LOC
numbers. O
Remember O
therefore O
your O
renown O
and O
go O
boldly O
against O
the O
enemy O
thinking O
the O
present O
strait O
and O
necessity O
more O
terrible O
than O
they." O
69After O
this B-PER
address O
Nicias O
at O
once O
led O
on O
the O
army. O
The O
Syracusans O
were O
not O
at O
that O
moment O
expecting O
an O
immediate O
engagement O
and O
some O
had O
even O
gone O
away O
to O
the O
town O
which O
was O
close O
by; O
these O
now O
ran O
up O
as O
hard O
as O
they O
could O
and O
though O
behind O
time O
took O
their O
places O
here O
or O
there O
in O
the O
main O
body O
as O
fast O
as O
they O
joined O
it. O
Want O
of O
zeal O
or O
daring O
was O
certainly O
not O
the O
fault O
of O
the O
Syracusans O
either O
in O
this O
or O
the O
other O
battles O
but O
although O
not O
inferior O
in O
courage O
so O
far O
as O
their O
military O
science O
might O
carry O
them O
when O
this O
failed O
them O
they O
were O
compelled O
to O
give O
up O
their O
resolution O
also. O
On O
the O
present O
occasion O
although O
they O
had O
not O
supposed B-PER
that O
the O
Athenians O
would O
begin O
the O
attack O
and O
although O
constrained O
to O
stand O
upon O
their O
defence O
at O
short O
notice O
they O
at O
once O
took O
up O
their O
arms O
and O
advanced O
to O
meet O
them. O
First O
the O
stone O
throwers O
slingers O
and O
archers O
of O
either O
army O
began O
skirmishing O
and O
routed O
or O
were O
routed O
by O
one O
another O
as O
might O
be O
expected O
between O
light O
troops; O
next O
soothsayers O
brought O
forward O
the O
usual O
victims O
and O
trumpeters O
urged O
on O
the O
heavy O
infantry O
to O
the O
charge; O
and O
thus O
they O
advanced O
the O
Syracusans O
to O
fight O
for O
their O
country O
and O
each O
individual O
for O
his O
safety O
that O
day O
and O
liberty O
hereafter; O
in O
the O
enemy's O
army O
the O
Athenians O
to O
make O
another's O
country O
theirs O
and O
to O
save O
their O
own O
from O
suffering O
by O
their O
defeat; O
the O
Argives O
and O
independent O
allies O
to O
help O
them O
in O
getting O
what O
they O
came O
for O
and O
to O
earn O
by O
victory O
another O
sight O
of O
the O
country O
they O
had O
left O
behind; O
while O
the O
subject O
allies O
owed O
most O
of O
their O
ardour O
to O
the O
desire O
of O
self O
preservation O
which O
they O
could O
only O
hope O
for O
if O
victorious; O
next O
to O
which O
as O
a O
secondary O
motive O
came O
the O
chance O
of O
serving O
on O
easier O
terms O
after O
helping O
the O
Athenians O
to O
a O
fresh O
conquest. O
70The O
armies O
now O
came O
to O
close O
quarters O
and O
for O
a O
long O
while O
fought O
without O
either O
giving O
ground. O
Meanwhile O
there O
occurred O
some O
claps O
of O
thunder O
with O
lightning O
and O
heavy O
rain O
which O
did O
not O
fail O
to O
add O
to O
the O
fears O
of O
the O
party O
fighting O
for O
the O
first O
time O
and O
very O
little O
acquainted O
with O
war; O
while O
to O
their O
more O
experienced O
adversaries O
these O
phenomena O
appeared O
to O
be O
produced O
by O
the O
time O
of O
year O
and O
much O
more O
alarm O
was O
felt O
at O
the O
continued O
resistance O
of O
the O
enemy. O
At O
last O
the O
Argives O
drove O
in O
the O
Syracusan O
left O
and O
after O
them O
the O
Athenians O
routed O
the O
troops O
opposed O
to O
them O
and O
the O
Syracusan O
army O
was O
thus O
cut O
in O
two O
and O
betook O
itself O
to O
flight. O
The O
Athenians O
did O
not O
pursue O
far O
being O
held O
in O
check O
by O
the O
numerous O
and O
undefeated O
Syracusan O
horse O
who O
attacked O
and O
drove O
back O
any O
of O
their O
heavy O
infantry O
whom O
they O
saw O
pursuing O
in O
advance O
of O
the O
rest; O
in O
spite O
of O
which O
the O
victors O
followed O
so O
far O
as O
was O
safe O
in O
a O
body O
and O
then O
went O
back O
and O
set O
up O
a O
trophy. O
Meanwhile O
the O
Syracusans O
rallied O
at O
the O
Helorine O
road O
where O
they O
re O
formed O
as O
well O
as O
they O
could O
under O
the O
circumstances O
and O
even O
sent O
a O
garrison O
of O
their O
own O
citizens O
to O
the O
Olympieum O
fearing O
that O
the O
Athenians O
might O
lay O
hands O
on O
some O
of O
the O
treasures O
there. O
The O
rest O
returned O
to O
the O
town. O
71The O
Athenians O
however O
did O
not O
go O
to O
the O
temple O
but O
collected O
their O
dead O
and O
laid O
them O
upon O
a O
pyre O
and O
passed O
the O
night O
upon O
the O
field. O
The O
next O
day O
they O
gave O
the O
enemy O
back O
their O
dead O
under O
truce O
to O
the O
number O
of O
about O
two O
hundred O
and O
sixty O
Syracusans O
and O
allies O
and O
gathered O
together O
the O
bones O
of O
their O
own O
some O
fifty O
Athenians O
and O
allies O
and O
taking O
the O
spoils O
of O
the O
enemy O
sailed O
back O
to O
Catana. O
It O
was O
now O
winter; O
and O
it O
did O
not O
seem O
possible O
for O
the O
moment O
to O
carry O
on O
the O
war O
before O
Syracuse O
until O
horse O
should O
have O
been O
sent O
for O
from O
Athens O
and O
levied O
among O
the O
allies O
in O
Sicily O
to O
do O
away O
with O
their B-LOC
utter O
inferiority O
in O
cavalry O
and O
money O
should O
have O
been O
collected O
in O
the O
country O
and O
received O
from O
Athens O
and O
until O
some O
of O
the O
cities O
which O
they O
hoped O
would O
be O
now O
more O
disposed O
to O
listen O
to O
them O
after O
the O
battle O
should O
have O
been O
brought O
over O
and O
corn O
and O
all O
other O
necessaries O
provided O
for O
a O
campaign O
in O
the O
spring O
against O
Syracuse. O
72With O
this O
intention O
they O
sailed O
off O
to O
Naxos O
and O
Catana O
for O
the O
winter. O
Meanwhile O
the O
Syracusans O
burned O
their O
dead O
and O
then O
held O
an O
assembly O
in O
which O
Hermocrates O
son B-LOC
of I-LOC
Hermon O
a O
man O
who O
with O
a O
general O
ability O
of O
the O
first O
order O
had O
given O
proofs O
of O
military O
capacity O
and O
brilliant O
courage O
in O
the O
war O
came O
forward O
and O
encouraged O
them O
and O
told O
them O
not O
to O
let O
what O
had O
occurred O
make O
them O
give O
way O
since O
their O
spirit O
had O
not O
been O
conquered O
but O
their O
want O
of O
discipline O
had O
done O
the O
mischief. O
Still O
they O
had O
not O
been O
beaten O
by O
so O
much O
as O
might O
have O
been O
expected O
especially O
as O
they O
were O
one O
might O
say O
novices O
in O
the O
art O
of O
war O
an O
army O
of O
artisans O
opposed O
to O
the O
most O
practised O
soldiers O
in O
Hellas. O
What O
had O
also O
done O
great O
mischief O
was O
the O
number O
of O
the O
generals O
(there O
were O
fifteen O
of O
them) O
and O
the O
quantity O
of O
orders O
given O
combined B-PER
with O
the O
disorder O
and O
insubordination O
of O
the O
troops. O
But O
if O
they O
were O
to O
have O
a O
few O
skilful O
generals B-LOC
and O
used O
this O
winter O
in O
preparing O
their O
heavy B-LOC
infantry O
finding O
arms O
for O
such O
as B-LOC
had I-LOC
not O
got O
any O
so O
as O
to O
make O
them O
as O
numerous O
as O
possible O
and O
forcing O
them O
to O
attend O
to O
their O
training O
generally O
they O
would O
have O
every B-LOC
chance O
of O
beating O
their O
adversaries O
courage O
being O
already O
theirs O
and O
discipline O
in O
the O
field O
having O
thus O
been O
added O
to O
it. O
Indeed O
both O
these O
qualities O
would O
improve O
since O
danger O
would O
exercise O
them O
in O
discipline O
while O
their O
courage B-LOC
would O
be O
led O
to O
surpass O
itself O
by O
the O
confidence O
which O
skill B-PER
inspires. O
The O
generals O
should O
be O
few O
and O
elected O
with O
full O
powers O
and O
an O
oath O
should O
be O
taken O
to O
leave O
them O
entire O
discretion O
in O
their O
command O
if O
they O
adopted O
this O
plan O
their O
secrets O
would O
be O
better O
kept O
all O
preparations O
would O
be O
properly O
made O
and O
there O
would O
be O
no O
room O
for O
excuses. O
73The O
Syracusans O
heard O
him O
and O
voted O
everything O
as O
he O
advised O
and O
elected O
three O
generals O
Hermocrates O
himself O
Heraclides O
son O
of O
Lysimachus O
and O
Sicanus O
son O
of O
Execestes. O
They O
also O
sent O
envoys O
to O
Corinth O
and O
Lacedaemon O
to O
procure O
a O
force O
of O
allies O
to O
join O
them O
and O
to O
induce O
the O
Lacedaemonians O
for O
their O
sakes O
openly O
to O
address O
themselves O
in O
real O
earnest O
to B-LOC
the I-LOC
war O
against O
the O
Athenians O
that O
they O
might O
either O
have O
to O
leave O
Sicily O
or O
be O
less O
able O
to O
send O
reinforcements O
to O
their O
army O
there. O
74The O
Athenian O
forces O
at O
Catana O
now O
at O
once O
sailed O
against O
Messina O
in O
the O
expectation O
of O
its O
being O
betrayed O
to O
them. O
The O
intrigue O
however O
after O
all O
came O
to O
nothing O
Alcibiades O
who O
was O
in O
the O
secret O
when O
he O
left O
his O
command O
upon O
the O
summons O
from O
home O
foreseeing O
that O
he O
would O
be O
outlawed O
gave O
information O
of O
the O
plot O
to O
the O
friends O
of O
the O
Syracusans O
in O
Messina O
who O
had O
at O
once O
put O
to O
death O
its O
authors O
and O
now O
rose O
in O
arms O
against O
the O
opposite O
faction O
with O
those O
of O
their O
way O
of O
thinking O
and O
succeeded O
in O
preventing O
the O
admission O
of O
the O
Athenians. O
The O
latter O
waited O
for O
thirteen O
days O
and O
then O
as O
they O
were O
exposed O
to O
the O
weather O
and O
without O
provisions O
and O
met O
with O
no O
success O
went O
back O
to O
Naxos O
where O
they O
made O
places O
for O
their O
ships O
to O
lie O
in O
erected O
a O
palisade O
round O
their O
camp O
and O
retired O
into O
winter O
quarters; O
meanwhile O
they O
sent O
a O
galley O
to O
Athens O
for O
money O
and O
cavalry O
to O
join O
them O
in O
the O
spring. O
75During O
the O
winter O
the O
Syracusans O
built O
a O
wall O
on O
to O
the O
city O
so O
as O
to O
take O
in O
the O
statue O
of O
Apollo O
Temenites O
all O
along O
the O
side O
looking B-PER
towards O
Epipolae O
to B-PER
make O
the B-PER
task I-PER
of O
circumvallation O
longer O
and O
more O
difficult O
in B-LOC
case I-LOC
of O
their B-PER
being I-PER
defeated O
and O
also O
erected O
a O
fort O
at O
Megara O
and O
another O
in O
the O
Olympieum O
and O
stuck O
palisades O
along O
the O
sea O
wherever O
there O
was O
a O
landing O
Place. O
Meanwhile O
as O
they O
knew O
that O
the O
Athenians O
were O
wintering O
at O
Naxos O
they B-LOC
marched O
with O
all O
their O
people O
to O
Catana O
and O
ravaged O
the O
land O
and O
set O
fire O
to O
the O
tents O
and B-LOC
encampment O
of O
the O
Athenians O
and B-PER
so I-PER
returned O
home. O
Learning O
also O
that O
the O
Athenians O
were O
sending O
an O
embassy O
to O
Camarina O
on O
the O
strength O
of O
the B-PER
alliance I-PER
concluded O
in O
the O
time O
of O
Laches O
to O
gain O
if O
possible O
that O
city O
they O
sent O
another O
from O
Syracuse O
to O
oppose O
them. O
They O
had O
a O
shrewd O
suspicion O
that O
the O
Camarinaeans O
had O
not O
sent O
what O
they B-LOC
did I-LOC
send O
for O
the O
first O
battle O
very O
willingly; O
and O
they O
now O
feared O
that O
they O
would O
refuse O
to O
assist O
them O
at O
all O
in O
future O
after O
seeing O
the O
success O
of O
the O
Athenians O
in O
the O
action O
and O
would O
join O
the O
latter O
on O
the O
strength O
of O
their O
old O
friendship. O
Hermocrates O
with O
some O
others O
accordingly O
arrived O
at O
Camarina O
from O
Syracuse O
and O
Euphemus O
and O
others O
from O
the O
Athenians; O
and O
an O
assembly O
of O
the O
Camarinaeans O
having O
been O
convened O
Hermocrates O
spoke O
as O
follows O
in O
the O
hope O
of O
prejudicing O
them O
against O
the O
Athenians O
76"Camarinaeans O
we O
did O
not O
come O
on O
this O
embassy O
because O
we O
were O
afraid O
of O
your O
being O
frightened O
by O
the O
actual O
forces O
of O
the O
Athenians O
but O
rather O
of O
your O
being O
gained O
by O
what O
they O
would O
say O
to O
you O
before O
you B-LOC
heard O
anything O
from O
us. O
They O
are O
come O
to O
Sicily O
with O
the O
pretext O
that O
you O
know O
and O
the O
intention O
which O
we O
all O
suspect O
in O
my O
opinion O
less O
to O
restore O
the O
Leontines O
to O
their O
homes O
than O
to O
oust O
us O
from O
ours; O
as O
it O
is O
out O
of O
all O
reason O
that O
they O
should O
restore O
in O
Sicily O
the O
cities O
that O
they O
lay O
waste O
in B-LOC
Hellas O
or O
should O
cherish O
the O
Leontine O
Chalcidians B-LOC
because O
of O
their O
Ionian O
blood O
and O
keep O
in O
servitude O
the O
Euboean O
Chalcidians O
of O
whom O
the O
Leontines O
are O
a O
colony. O
No; O
but O
the O
same O
policy O
which O
has O
proved O
so O
successful O
in O
Hellas O
is O
now O
being O
tried O
in O
Sicily. O
After O
being O
chosen O
as B-PER
the I-PER
leaders O
of O
the O
Ionians O
and O
of O
the O
other O
allies O
of O
Athenian O
origin B-LOC
to O
punish O
the O
Mede O
the O
Athenians O
accused O
some O
of O
failure O
in O
military O
service O
some O
of O
fighting O
against O
each O
other O
and O
others O
as O
the O
case O
might O
be O
upon O
any O
colourable O
pretext O
that O
could O
be O
found O
until O
they O
thus O
subdued O
them O
all. O
In O
fine O
in O
the O
struggle O
against O
the O
Medes O
the O
Athenians O
did O
not O
fight O
for O
the O
liberty O
of O
the O
Hellenes O
or O
the O
Hellenes O
for O
their O
own O
liberty O
but O
the O
former O
to O
make O
their B-LOC
countrymen O
serve B-LOC
them O
instead B-PER
of O
him O
the O
latter O
to O
change O
one O
master O
for O
another O
wiser O
indeed O
than O
the O
first O
but O
wiser O
for O
evil. O
77"But O
we O
are O
not O
now O
come O
to O
declare O
to O
an O
audience O
familiar O
with O
them O
the O
misdeeds O
of O
a O
state O
so O
open O
to O
accusation O
as O
is O
the O
Athenian O
but O
much O
rather O
to O
blame O
ourselves O
who O
with O
the O
warnings O
we O
possess O
in O
the O
Hellenes O
in O
those O
parts O
that O
have O
been O
enslaved O
through O
not O
supporting O
each O
other O
and O
seeing O
the O
same O
sophisms O
being O
now B-LOC
tried O
upon O
ourselves O
such O
as O
restorations O
of O
Leontine O
kinsfolk O
and O
support O
of O
Egestaean O
allies O
do O
not O
stand O
together B-LOC
and O
resolutely O
show O
them O
that O
here O
are O
no O
Ionians O
or O
Hellespontines O
or O
islanders O
who O
change O
continually O
but O
always O
serve O
a O
master O
sometimes O
the B-LOC
Mede O
and O
sometimes O
some O
other O
but O
free O
Dorians O
from O
independent O
Peloponnese O
dwelling O
in O
Sicily. O
Or O
are O
we O
waiting O
until O
we O
be O
taken O
in O
detail O
one O
city O
after O
another; O
knowing O
as O
we O
do O
that O
in O
no O
other O
way O
can O
we O
be O
conquered B-LOC
and O
seeing O
that O
they O
turn B-LOC
to O
this O
plan O
so O
as O
to O
divide O
some O
of O
us O
by O
words O
to O
draw O
some O
by O
the O
bait O
of O
an O
alliance O
into O
open O
war O
with O
each O
other O
and O
to O
ruin O
others O
by O
such O
flattery O
as O
different O
circumstances O
may O
render O
acceptable O
And O
do O
we O
fancy O
when O
destruction O
first O
overtakes O
a O
distant O
fellow O
countryman O
that O
the O
danger O
will O
not O
come O
to O
each O
of O
us O
also O
or O
that O
he O
who O
suffers O
before O
us O
will O
suffer O
in O
himself O
alone O
78"As O
for O
the O
Camarinaean O
who O
says O
that O
it O
is O
the O
Syracusan O
not O
he O
that O
is O
the O
enemy O
of O
the O
Athenian O
and O
who O
thinks O
it O
hard O
to O
have O
to O
encounter O
risk O
in O
behalf O
of O
my O
country O
I O
would O
have O
him O
bear O
in O
mind O
that O
he O
will O
fight O
in O
my O
country O
not O
more O
for O
mine O
than O
for O
his O
own O
and O
by O
so O
much O
the O
more O
safely O
in O
that O
he O
will O
enter O
on O
the O
struggle O
not O
alone O
after O
the O
way O
has O
been O
cleared O
by O
my O
ruin O
but O
with O
me O
as O
his O
ally O
and O
that O
the O
object O
of O
the O
Athenian O
is O
not O
so O
much O
to O
punish O
the O
enmity O
of O
the O
Syracusan O
as O
to O
use O
me O
as O
a O
blind O
to O
secure O
the O
friendship O
of O
the O
Camarinaean. O
As O
for O
him O
who O
envies O
or O
even O
fears O
us O
(and O
envied O
and O
feared O
great O
powers O
must O
always O
be) O
and O
who O
on O
this O
account O
wishes O
Syracuse O
to O
be O
humbled O
to O
teach O
us O
a O
lesson O
but O
would O
still O
have O
her O
survive O
in O
the O
interest O
of O
his O
own O
security O
the O
wish O
that O
he O
indulges O
is O
not O
humanly O
possible. O
A O
man O
can O
control O
his O
own O
desires O
but O
he O
cannot O
likewise O
control O
circumstances; O
and O
in O
the O
event O
of O
his O
calculations O
proving O
mistaken O
he O
may O
live O
to O
bewail O
his O
own O
misfortune O
and O
wish O
to O
be O
again O
envying O
my O
prosperity. O
An O
idle O
wish O
if O
he O
now O
sacrifice O
us O
and O
refuse O
to O
take O
his O
share O
of O
perils O
which O
are O
the O
same O
in O
reality O
though O
not O
in O
name O
for O
him O
as O
for O
us; O
what O
is O
nominally O
the O
preservation O
of O
our O
power O
being O
really O
his O
own O
salvation. O
It O
was O
to O
be O
expected O
that O
you O
of O
all O
people O
in O
the O
world O
Camarinaeans O
being O
our O
immediate O
neighbours O
and O
the O
next O
in O
danger O
would O
have O
foreseen O
this O
and O
instead O
of O
supporting O
us O
in O
the O
lukewarm O
way O
that O
you O
are O
now O
doing O
would O
rather O
come O
to O
us O
of O
your O
own O
accord O
and O
be O
now O
offering O
at O
Syracuse O
the O
aid O
which O
you O
would O
have O
asked O
for O
at O
Camarina O
if O
to O
Camarina O
the O
Athenians O
had O
first O
come O
to O
encourage O
us O
to O
resist O
the O
invader. O
Neither O
you O
however O
nor O
the O
rest O
have O
as O
yet O
bestirred O
yourselves O
in O
this O
direction. O
79"Fear O
perhaps O
will O
make O
you O
study O
to O
do O
right O
both O
by O
us O
and O
by O
the O
invaders O
and O
plead O
that O
you O
have O
an O
alliance O
with O
the O
Athenians. O
But O
you O
made O
that O
alliance O
not O
against O
your O
friends O
but B-LOC
against I-LOC
the O
enemies O
that O
might O
attack O
you O
and O
to O
help O
the O
Athenians O
when O
they O
were O
wronged O
by O
others O
not O
when O
as O
now O
they O
are O
wronging O
their O
neighbours. O
Even O
the O
Rhegians O
Chalcidians O
though O
they O
be O
refuse O
to O
help O
to O
restore O
the O
Chalcidian O
Leontines; O
and O
it O
would O
be O
strange O
if O
while O
they O
suspect O
the O
gist O
of O
this O
fine O
pretence O
and O
are O
wise O
without O
reason O
you O
with O
every O
reason O
on O
your O
side O
should O
yet O
choose O
to O
assist O
your O
natural O
enemies O
and O
should O
join O
with O
their O
direst O
foes O
in O
undoing O
those O
whom O
nature O
has O
made O
your O
own O
kinsfolk. O
This O
is O
not O
to O
do O
right; O
but O
you O
should O
help O
us O
without O
fear O
of O
their O
armament O
which O
has O
no O
terrors O
if O
we O
hold O
together O
but O
only O
if O
we O
let O
them O
succeed O
in O
their O
endeavours O
to O
separate O
us; O
since O
even O
after O
attacking O
us O
by O
ourselves O
and O
being O
victorious O
in O
battle O
they O
had O
to O
go O
off O
without O
effecting O
their O
purpose. O
80"United O
therefore O
we O
have O
no O
cause O
to O
despair O
but O
rather O
new O
encouragement O
to O
league O
together; O
especially O
as O
succour O
will O
come O
to O
us O
from O
the O
Peloponnesians O
in O
military O
matters O
the O
undoubted O
superiors O
of O
the O
Athenians. O
And O
you O
need O
not O
think O
that O
your O
prudent B-LOC
policy O
of O
taking O
sides O
with O
neither O
because O
allies B-LOC
of O
both O
is B-LOC
either I-LOC
safe O
for O
you O
or O
fair O
to O
us. O
Practically O
it O
is O
not O
as O
fair O
as O
it O
pretends O
to O
be. O
If O
the O
vanquished O
be O
defeated O
and O
the O
victor O
conquer O
through O
your O
refusing O
to O
join O
what O
is O
the O
effect O
of O
your O
abstention O
but O
to O
leave O
the O
former O
to O
perish O
unaided O
and O
to O
allow O
the O
latter O
to O
offend O
unhindered O
And O
yet O
it O
were O
more O
honourable O
to O
join O
those O
who O
are O
not O
only O
the O
injured O
party O
but O
your O
own O
kindred O
and O
by O
so O
doing O
to O
defend O
the O
common O
interests O
of O
Sicily O
and O
save O
your O
friends O
the O
Athenians O
from O
doing O
wrong. O
"In O
conclusion O
we O
Syracusans O
say O
that O
it O
is O
useless O
for O
us O
to O
demonstrate O
either O
to O
you O
or O
to O
the O
rest O
what O
you O
know O
already O
as O
well O
as O
we O
do; O
but O
we O
entreat O
and O
if O
our O
entreaty O
fail O
we O
protest O
that O
we O
are O
menaced O
by O
our O
eternal O
enemies O
the O
Ionians O
and O
are O
betrayed O
by O
you O
our O
fellow O
Dorians. O
If O
the O
Athenians O
reduce O
us O
they O
will O
owe O
their O
victory O
to O
your O
decision O
but O
in O
their O
own O
name O
will O
reap O
the O
honour O
and O
will O
receive O
as O
the O
prize O
of O
their O
triumph O
the O
very O
men O
who O
enabled O
them O
to O
gain O
it. O
On O
the O
other O
hand O
if O
we O
are O
the O
conquerors O
you O
will O
have O
to O
pay O
for O
having O
been O
the O
cause O
of O
our O
danger. O
Consider O
therefore; O
and O
now O
make O
your O
choice O
between O
the O
security O
which O
present O
servitude O
offers O
and O
the O
prospect O
of O
conquering O
with O
us O
and O
so O
escaping O
disgraceful O
submission O
to O
an O
Athenian O
master O
and O
avoiding O
the O
lasting O
enmity O
of O
Syracuse." O
81Such O
were O
the O
words O
of O
Hermocrates; O
after O
whom O
Euphemus O
the O
Athenian O
ambassador O
spoke O
as O
follows O
82"Although O
we O
came O
here O
only O
to O
renew O
the O
former O
alliance O
the O
attack O
of O
the O
Syracusans O
compels O
us O
to O
speak O
of O
our O
empire O
and O
of O
the O
good O
right O
we O
have O
to O
it. O
The O
best O
proof O
of O
this O
the O
speaker O
himself O
furnished O
when O
he O
called O
the O
Ionians O
eternal O
enemies O
of O
the O
Dorians. O
It O
is O
the O
fact; O
and O
the O
Peloponnesian O
Dorians O
being O
our O
superiors O
in O
numbers O
and O
next O
neighbours O
we O
Ionians O
looked O
out O
for O
the O
best O
means O
of O
escaping O
their O
domination. O
After O
the O
Median O
War O
we O
had O
a O
fleet O
and O
so O
got O
rid O
of O
the O
empire O
and O
supremacy O
of O
the O
Lacedaemonians O
who O
had O
no O
right B-LOC
to O
give O
orders O
to O
us O
more O
than O
we O
to O
them O
except O
that O
of O
being O
the O
strongest O
at O
that O
moment; O
and O
being O
appointed O
leaders O
of O
the O
King's O
former O
subjects O
we O
continue O
to O
be O
so O
thinking O
that O
we O
are O
least O
likely O
to O
fall O
under O
the O
dominion O
of O
the O
Peloponnesians O
if O
we O
have O
a O
force O
to O
defend O
ourselves O
with O
and O
in O
strict O
truth O
having O
done O
nothing O
unfair O
in O
reducing O
to O
subjection O
the O
Ionians O
and O
islanders O
the O
kinsfolk O
whom O
the O
Syracusans O
say O
we O
have O
enslaved. O
They O
our O
kinsfolk O
came O
against O
their O
mother O
country O
that O
is O
to O
say O
against O
us O
together O
with O
the O
Mede O
and O
instead O
of O
having O
the O
courage O
to O
revolt O
and O
sacrifice O
their O
property O
as O
we O
did O
when O
we O
abandoned O
our O
city O
chose O
to O
be O
slaves O
themselves O
and O
to O
try O
to O
make O
us O
so. O
83"We O
therefore O
deserve O
to O
rule O
because O
we O
placed O
the O
largest O
fleet O
and O
an O
unflinching O
patriotism O
at O
the O
service O
of O
the O
Hellenes O
and O
because O
these O
our O
subjects O
did O
us O
mischief O
by O
their O
ready O
subservience O
to O
the O
Medes; O
and O
desert O
apart O
we O
seek B-PER
to I-PER
strengthen O
ourselves O
against O
the O
Peloponnesians. O
We O
make O
no O
fine O
profession O
of O
having O
a O
right O
to O
rule O
because O
we O
overthrew O
the O
barbarian O
single O
handed O
or O
because O
we O
risked O
what O
we O
did O
risk O
for O
the O
freedom O
of O
the O
subjects O
in O
question O
any O
more O
than O
for O
that O
of O
all O
and O
for O
our O
own O
no O
one O
can O
be O
quarrelled O
with O
for O
providing O
for O
his O
proper O
safety. O
If O
we O
are O
now O
here O
in O
Sicily O
it O
is O
equally O
in O
the O
interest O
of O
our O
security O
with O
which O
we O
perceive O
that O
your O
interest O
also O
coincides. O
We O
prove O
this O
from O
the O
conduct O
which O
the O
Syracusans O
cast O
against O
us O
and O
which O
you O
somewhat O
too O
timorously O
suspect; O
knowing O
that O
those O
whom O
fear O
has O
made O
suspicious O
may O
be O
carried O
away O
by O
the O
charm O
of O
eloquence O
for O
the O
moment O
but O
when O
they O
come O
to O
act O
follow O
their O
interests. O
"Now O
as O
we O
have O
said O
fear O
makes O
us O
hold O
our O
empire O
in O
Hellas O
and O
fear O
makes O
us O
now O
come O
with O
the O
help O
of O
our O
friends O
to O
order O
safely O
matters O
in O
Sicily O
and O
not O
to O
enslave O
any O
but O
rather O
to O
prevent O
any O
from O
being O
enslaved. O
84Meanwhile O
let O
no O
one O
imagine O
that O
we O
are O
interesting O
ourselves O
in O
you O
without O
your O
having O
anything O
to O
do O
with O
us O
seeing O
that O
if O
you O
are O
preserved O
and O
able O
to O
make O
head O
against O
the O
Syracusans O
they O
will O
be O
less O
likely O
to O
harm O
us O
by O
sending O
troops O
to O
the O
Peloponnesians. O
In O
this O
way O
you O
have O
everything O
to O
do O
with O
us O
and O
on O
this O
account O
it O
is O
perfectly O
reasonable O
for O
us O
to O
restore O
the O
Leontines O
and O
to O
make O
them O
not O
subjects O
like O
their O
kinsmen O
in O
Euboea O
but O
as O
powerful O
as O
possible O
to O
help O
us O
by O
annoying O
the O
Syracusans O
from O
their O
frontier. O
In O
Hellas O
we O
are O
alone O
a O
match O
for O
our O
enemies; O
and O
as O
for O
the O
assertion O
that O
it O
is O
out O
of O
all O
reason O
that O
we O
should O
free O
the O
Sicilian O
while O
we O
enslave O
the O
Chalcidian O
the O
fact O
is O
that O
the O
latter O
is O
useful O
to O
us O
by O
being O
without O
arms O
and O
contributing O
money O
only; O
while O
the O
former O
the O
Leontines O
and O
our O
other O
friends O
cannot O
be O
too O
independent. O
85"Besides O
for O
tyrants O
and O
imperial O
cities O
nothing O
is O
unreasonable O
if O
expedient O
no O
one O
a O
kinsman O
unless O
sure; O
but B-LOC
friendship O
or O
enmity O
is O
everywhere O
an O
affair O
of O
time O
and O
circumstance. O
Here O
in O
Sicily O
our O
interest O
is O
not O
to O
weaken O
our O
friends O
but O
by O
means O
of O
their O
strength O
to O
cripple O
our O
enemies. O
Why O
doubt O
this O
In O
Hellas O
we O
treat O
our O
allies O
as O
we O
find O
them O
useful. O
The O
Chians O
and O
Methymnians O
govern O
themselves O
and O
furnish O
ships; O
most O
of O
the O
rest O
have O
harder O
terms O
and O
pay O
tribute O
in O
money; O
while O
others O
although O
islanders O
and O
easy O
for O
us O
to O
take O
are O
free B-LOC
altogether I-LOC
because O
they O
occupy O
convenient O
positions O
round O
Peloponnese. O
In O
our O
settlement O
of B-LOC
the I-LOC
states O
here O
in O
Sicily O
we O
should O
therefore; O
naturally O
be O
guided O
by O
our O
interest O
and O
by O
fear O
as O
we O
say O
of O
the O
Syracusans. O
Their O
ambition O
is O
to O
rule O
you O
their O
object O
to O
use O
the O
suspicions O
that O
we O
excite O
to O
unite O
you O
and O
then O
when O
we O
have O
gone O
away O
without O
effecting O
anything O
by O
force O
or O
through O
your O
isolation O
to O
become O
the O
masters O
of O
Sicily. O
And O
masters O
they O
must O
become O
if O
you O
unite O
with O
them; O
as O
a O
force O
of O
that O
magnitude O
would O
be O
no O
longer O
easy O
for O
us O
to O
deal O
with B-LOC
united I-LOC
and O
they O
would O
be O
more O
than O
a O
match O
for O
you O
as O
soon O
as B-LOC
we I-LOC
were O
away. O
86"Any O
other O
view O
of O
the O
case O
is O
condemned O
by O
the O
facts. O
When O
you O
first O
asked O
us O
over B-LOC
the I-LOC
fear O
which O
you O
held O
out O
was O
that O
of O
danger O
to O
Athens O
if O
we O
let O
you O
come O
under O
the O
dominion O
of O
Syracuse; O
and O
it O
is O
not O
right O
now O
to O
mistrust O
the O
very O
same O
argument O
by O
which O
you O
claimed O
to O
convince O
us O
or O
to O
give O
way O
to O
suspicion O
because O
we O
are O
come O
with O
a O
larger O
force O
against O
the B-LOC
power I-LOC
of O
that O
city. O
Those O
whom O
you O
should O
really O
distrust O
are O
the O
Syracusans. O
We O
are O
not O
able O
to O
stay O
here O
without O
you O
and O
if O
we O
proved O
perfidious O
enough O
to O
bring O
you O
into O
subjection O
we O
should O
be O
unable O
to O
keep O
you O
in O
bondage O
owing O
to O
the O
length O
of O
the O
voyage B-LOC
and O
the O
difficulty O
of O
guarding O
large O
and O
in O
a O
military O
sense O
continental O
towns O
they O
the O
Syracusans O
live O
close O
to O
you O
not B-LOC
in I-LOC
a O
camp O
but O
in O
a O
city O
greater O
than O
the O
force O
we O
have O
with O
us O
plot O
always O
against O
you O
never O
let O
slip O
an O
opportunity O
once O
offered O
as O
they O
have O
shown O
in O
the O
case O
of O
the O
Leontines O
and O
others O
and O
now O
have O
the O
face O
just O
as O
if O
you O
were O
fools O
to O
invite O
you O
to O
aid O
them O
against O
the O
power O
that O
hinders O
this O
and O
that O
has O
thus O
far O
maintained O
Sicily B-LOC
independent. I-LOC
We B-LOC
as I-LOC
against O
them O
invite O
you O
to O
a O
much O
more O
real O
safety O
when O
we O
beg O
you O
not O
to O
betray O
that O
common O
safety O
which O
we O
each O
have O
in O
the O
other O
and O
to O
reflect O
that O
they O
even O
without O
allies O
will O
by O
their O
numbers O
have O
always O
the O
way O
open O
to O
you O
while O
you O
will O
not O
often O
have O
the O
opportunity O
of O
defending O
yourselves O
with O
such O
numerous O
auxiliaries; B-LOC
if O
through O
your O
suspicions O
you O
once O
let O
these O
go O
away O
unsuccessful O
or O
defeated O
you O
will O
wish O
to O
see O
if O
only O
a O
handful O
of O
them O
back O
again O
when O
the O
day O
is O
past O
in O
which O
their O
presence O
could O
do O
anything O
for O
you. O
87"But O
we O
hope O
Camarinaeans O
that O
the O
calumnies O
of O
the O
Syracusans O
will O
not O
be O
allowed O
to O
succeed O
either O
with O
you O
or O
with O
the O
rest O
we B-LOC
have O
told O
you O
the O
whole O
truth O
upon O
the O
things O
we O
are O
suspected O
of O
and O
will O
now O
briefly O
recapitulate O
in O
the O
hope O
of O
convincing O
you. O
We O
assert O
that O
we O
are O
rulers O
in O
Hellas O
in O
order O
not O
to O
be O
subjects; O
liberators O
in O
Sicily O
that O
we O
may O
not O
be O
harmed O
by O
the O
Sicilians; O
that O
we O
are O
compelled O
to O
interfere O
in O
many O
things O
because O
we O
have O
many O
things O
to O
guard O
against; O
and O
that O
now O
as O
before O
we O
are O
come O
as O
allies O
to O
those O
of O
you O
who O
suffer O
wrong O
in O
this O
island O
not O
without O
invitation O
but O
upon O
invitation. O
Accordingly O
instead O
of O
making O
yourselves O
judges O
or O
censors O
of O
our O
conduct O
and O
trying O
to O
turn O
us O
which O
it O
were O
now O
difficult O
to O
do O
so O
far O
as O
there O
is O
anything O
in O
our O
interfering O
policy O
or O
in O
our O
character O
that O
chimes O
in O
with O
your O
interest O
this O
take O
and O
make O
use O
of; O
and O
be O
sure O
that O
far O
from O
being O
injurious B-LOC
to O
all O
alike O
to O
most O
of O
the O
Hellenes O
that O
policy O
is O
even O
beneficial. O
Thanks O
to O
it O
all O
men O
in O
all O
places O
even O
where O
we O
are O
not O
who O
either O
apprehend O
or O
meditate O
aggression O
from O
the O
near O
prospect O
before O
them O
in O
the O
one O
case O
of O
obtaining O
our O
intervention O
in O
their O
favour O
in O
the O
other O
of O
our O
arrival O
making O
the O
venture O
dangerous O
find O
themselves O
constrained O
respectively O
to O
be O
moderate O
against O
their O
will O
and O
to O
be O
preserved O
without O
trouble O
of O
their O
own. O
Do O
not O
you O
reject O
this O
security O
that O
is O
open O
to O
all O
who O
desire O
it O
and O
is O
now O
offered O
to O
you; O
but O
do O
like O
others O
and O
instead O
of O
being O
always O
on O
the O
defensive O
against O
the O
Syracusans O
unite O
with O
us O
and O
in O
your O
turn O
at O
last O
threaten O
them." O
88Such O
were O
the O
words O
of O
Euphemus. O
What O
the O
Camarinaeans O
felt O
was O
this. O
Sympathizing O
with O
the O
Athenians O
except O
in O
so O
far O
as O
they O
might O
be O
afraid O
of O
their O
subjugating O
Sicily O
they O
had O
always O
been O
at O
enmity O
with O
their O
neighbour O
Syracuse. O
From O
the O
very O
fact O
however O
that O
they O
were O
their O
neighbours O
they O
feared O
the O
Syracusans O
most O
of O
the O
two O
and O
being O
apprehensive O
of O
their O
conquering O
even O
without O
them O
both O
sent B-LOC
them O
in O
the O
first O
instance O
the O
few O
horsemen O
mentioned O
and O
for O
the O
future O
determined O
to O
support O
them O
most O
in O
fact O
although O
as O
sparingly O
as O
possible; O
but O
for O
the O
moment O
in O
order O
not O
to O
seem O
to O
slight O
the O
Athenians O
especially O
as O
they O
had O
been O
successful O
in O
the O
engagement O
to O
answer O
both O
alike. O
Agreeably O
to O
this O
resolution O
they O
answered O
that O
as O
both O
the O
contending O
parties O
happened O
to O
be O
allies O
of O
theirs O
they O
thought O
it O
most O
consistent O
with O
their O
oaths O
at O
present O
to O
side O
with O
neither; O
with O
which O
answer O
the O
ambassadors O
of O
either O
party O
departed. O
In O
the O
meantime O
while O
Syracuse O
pursued O
her O
preparations O
for O
war O
the O
Athenians O
were O
encamped O
at O
Naxos O
and O
tried O
by O
negotiation O
to O
gain O
as O
many O
of O
the O
Sicels O
as O
possible. O
Those O
more O
in O
the O
low O
lands O
and O
subjects O
of O
Syracuse O
mostly O
held O
aloof; O
but O
the O
peoples O
of O
the O
interior O
who O
had O
never O
been O
otherwise O
than O
independent O
with O
few O
exceptions O
at O
once O
joined O
the O
Athenians O
and O
brought O
down O
corn O
to O
the O
army O
and O
in O
some O
cases O
even O
money. O
The O
Athenians O
marched O
against O
those O
who O
refused O
to O
join O
and O
forced O
some O
of O
them O
to O
do O
so; O
in O
the O
case O
of O
others O
they O
were O
stopped O
by O
the O
Syracusans O
sending O
garrisons O
and O
reinforcements. O
Meanwhile O
the O
Athenians O
moved O
their O
winter O
quarters O
from O
Naxos O
to O
Catana O
and O
reconstructed O
the O
camp O
burnt O
by O
the O
Syracusans O
and O
stayed O
there O
the O
rest O
of O
the O
winter. O
They O
also O
sent O
a O
galley O
to O
Carthage O
with O
proffers O
of O
friendship O
on O
the O
chance O
of O
obtaining O
assistance O
and O
another O
to O
Tyrrhenia; O
some O
of O
the B-LOC
cities O
there O
having O
spontaneously O
offered O
to O
join O
them O
in B-LOC
the I-LOC
war. O
They O
also O
sent O
round O
to O
the O
Sicels O
and O
to O
Egesta O
desiring O
them O
to O
send O
them O
as O
many O
horses O
as O
possible O
and O
meanwhile O
prepared O
bricks O
iron O
and O
all O
other O
things O
necessary O
for O
the O
work O
of O
circumvallation O
intending O
by O
the O
spring O
to O
begin O
hostilities. O
In O
the O
meantime O
the O
Syracusan O
envoys O
dispatched O
to O
Corinth O
and O
Lacedaemon O
tried O
as O
they O
passed O
along O
the O
coast O
to O
persuade O
the O
Italiots O
to O
interfere O
with O
the O
proceedings O
of O
the O
Athenians O
which O
threatened O
Italy O
quite O
as O
much O
as O
Syracuse O
and O
having O
arrived O
at O
Corinth O
made O
a O
speech O
calling O
on O
the O
Corinthians O
to O
assist O
them O
on O
the O
ground O
of O
their O
common O
origin. O
The O
Corinthians O
voted O
at O
once O
to O
aid O
them O
heart O
and O
soul O
themselves O
and O
then O
sent O
on O
envoys O
with O
them O
to O
Lacedaemon O
to O
help O
them O
to O
persuade O
her B-LOC
also I-LOC
to O
prosecute O
the O
war O
with O
the O
Athenians O
more O
openly O
at O
home O
and O
to B-LOC
send I-LOC
succours O
to O
Sicily. O
The O
envoys O
from O
Corinth O
having O
reached O
Lacedaemon O
found O
there O
Alcibiades O
with O
his O
fellow O
refugees O
who B-LOC
had O
at O
once O
crossed O
over O
in O
a O
trading O
vessel O
from O
Thurii O
first O
to O
Cyllene O
in O
Elis O
and O
afterwards O
from O
thence O
to O
Lacedaemon; O
upon O
the O
Lacedaemonians' O
own O
invitation O
after O
first O
obtaining O
a O
safe O
conduct O
as O
he O
feared O
them O
for O
the O
part O
he O
had O
taken O
in O
the O
affair O
of O
Mantinea. O
The O
result O
was O
that O
the O
Corinthians O
Syracusans O
and O
Alcibiades O
pressing O
all O
the O
same O
request O
in O
the O
assembly O
of O
the O
Lacedaemonians O
succeeded O
in O
persuading O
them; O
but O
as O
the O
ephors O
and O
the O
authorities B-LOC
although B-LOC
resolved O
to O
send O
envoys O
to O
Syracuse O
to O
prevent O
their O
surrendering O
to O
the O
Athenians O
showed O
no O
disposition O
to O
send O
them O
any B-LOC
assistance I-LOC
Alcibiades O
now O
came O
forward O
and O
inflamed O
and O
stirred O
the O
Lacedaemonians O
by O
speaking O
as B-LOC
follows O
89"I O
am O
forced O
first O
to O
speak O
to O
you O
of O
the O
prejudice O
with O
which O
I O
am O
regarded O
in O
order O
that O
suspicion O
may O
not O
make O
you B-LOC
disinclined O
to O
listen O
to O
me O
upon O
public O
matters. O
The O
connection O
with O
you O
as O
your O
proxeni O
which O
the O
ancestors O
of O
our O
family O
by O
reason O
of O
some O
discontent O
renounced O
I O
personally O
tried O
to O
renew O
by O
my O
good O
offices O
towards O
you O
in O
particular O
upon O
the O
occasion O
of O
the B-LOC
disaster I-LOC
at B-PER
Pylos. I-PER
But O
although O
I O
maintained O
this O
friendly O
attitude O
you O
yet O
chose O
to O
negotiate O
the O
peace O
with O
the O
Athenians O
through O
my O
enemies O
and O
thus O
to B-LOC
strengthen O
them O
and B-LOC
to I-LOC
discredit I-LOC
me. O
You O
had O
therefore O
no O
right O
to O
complain O
if O
I O
turned O
to O
the O
Mantineans O
and O
Argives O
and O
seized O
other O
occasions O
of O
thwarting O
and O
injuring O
you; O
and O
the O
time O
has O
now O
come O
when O
those O
among O
you O
who O
in O
the O
bitterness O
of O
the O
moment O
may B-LOC
have I-LOC
been O
then O
unfairly O
angry O
with O
me O
should O
look O
at O
the O
matter O
in O
its O
true O
light O
and O
take O
a O
different O
view. O
Those O
again O
who O
judged B-LOC
me O
unfavourably O
because B-LOC
I O
leaned O
rather O
to B-PER
the I-PER
side I-PER
of O
the O
commons O
must B-PER
not O
think O
that O
their O
dislike O
is O
any O
better O
founded. O
We O
have O
always O
been O
hostile O
to B-LOC
tyrants I-LOC
and O
all O
who B-LOC
oppose I-LOC
arbitrary B-LOC
power O
are O
called O
commons; O
hence B-LOC
we I-LOC
continued O
to O
act O
as O
leaders O
of O
the O
multitude; O
besides O
which O
as O
democracy O
was O
the O
government O
of O
the O
city O
it O
was O
necessary O
in O
most O
things O
to O
conform O
to B-LOC
established O
conditions. O
However O
we O
endeavoured O
to O
be O
more O
moderate B-PER
than O
the O
licentious O
temper O
of O
the O
times; O
and O
while O
there O
were O
others O
formerly O
as O
now O
who O
tried O
to O
lead O
the O
multitude O
astray O
the O
same O
who O
banished O
me O
our O
party O
was O
that O
of O
the O
whole B-LOC
people O
our O
creed O
being O
to O
do O
our O
part O
in O
preserving O
the O
form O
of O
government O
under O
which O
the O
city O
enjoyed O
the B-PER
utmost I-PER
greatness O
and O
freedom O
and O
which O
we O
had O
found O
existing. O
As O
for O
democracy O
the O
men O
of O
sense O
among O
us O
knew O
what O
it O
was O
and O
I O
perhaps O
as O
well O
as O
any O
as O
I O
have O
the O
more O
cause O
to O
complain O
of O
it; O
but O
there O
is O
nothing O
new O
to O
be O
said O
of O
a O
patent O
absurdity; O
meanwhile O
we O
did O
not O
think O
it O
safe O
to O
alter O
it O
under O
the O
pressure O
of O
your O
hostility. O
90"So O
much O
then O
for O
the O
prejudices O
with O
which O
I O
am O
regarded O
I O
now O
can O
call O
your O
attention O
to O
the O
questions O
you O
must O
consider O
and O
upon O
which O
superior O
knowledge B-LOC
perhaps O
permits O
me O
to O
speak. O
We O
sailed O
to O
Sicily O
first O
to O
conquer O
if O
possible O
the O
Siceliots O
and O
after O
them O
the O
Italiots O
also O
and O
finally O
to O
assail O
the O
empire O
and O
city O
of O
Carthage. O
In O
the O
event O
of O
all O
or O
most O
of O
these O
schemes O
succeeding O
we O
were O
then B-LOC
to O
attack O
Peloponnese O
bringing O
with O
us O
the O
entire O
force O
of O
the O
Hellenes O
lately O
acquired O
in O
those O
parts O
and O
taking O
a O
number O
of O
barbarians O
into O
our O
pay O
such O
as O
the O
Iberians O
and O
others O
in O
those O
countries O
confessedly O
the O
most O
warlike O
known O
and O
building O
numerous O
galleys O
in O
addition O
to O
those O
which O
we O
had O
already O
timber O
being O
plentiful O
in O
Italy; O
and O
with O
this O
fleet O
blockading O
Peloponnese O
from O
the O
sea O
and O
assailing O
it O
with O
our O
armies O
by O
land O
taking O
some O
of O
the O
cities O
by O
storm O
drawing O
works O
of O
circumvallation O
round O
others O
we O
hoped O
without O
difficulty O
to O
effect O
its O
reduction O
and O
after O
this O
to O
rule O
the O
whole O
of O
the O
Hellenic O
name. O
Money O
and O
corn O
meanwhile O
for O
the O
better O
execution O
of O
these O
plans O
were O
to O
be O
supplied O
in O
sufficient O
quantities O
by O
the O
newly O
acquired O
places O
in O
those O
countries O
independently O
of O
our O
revenues O
here O
at O
home. O
91"You O
have O
thus O
heard O
the O
history O
of O
the O
present O
expedition O
from O
the O
man O
who O
most O
exactly O
knows O
what O
our O
objects O
were; O
and O
the O
remaining O
generals O
will O
if O
they O
can O
carry O
these O
out O
just O
the O
same. O
But O
that O
the O
states O
in O
Sicily O
must O
succumb O
if O
you O
do O
not O
help O
them O
I O
will O
now O
show. O
Although O
the O
Siceliots O
with O
all O
their O
inexperience O
might O
even O
now O
be O
saved O
if O
their O
forces O
were O
united O
the O
Syracusans O
alone O
beaten O
already O
in O
one O
battle O
with O
all O
their O
people O
and O
blockaded O
from O
the O
sea O
will O
be O
unable O
to O
withstand O
the O
Athenian O
armament O
that O
is O
now O
there. O
But O
if O
Syracuse O
falls O
all O
Sicily O
falls O
also O
and O
Italy O
immediately O
afterwards; O
and O
the O
danger O
which O
I O
just O
now O
spoke O
of O
from O
that O
quarter O
will O
before O
long O
be O
upon O
you. O
None O
need O
therefore O
fancy O
that O
Sicily B-LOC
only O
is O
in O
question; O
Peloponnese O
will O
be O
so O
also O
unless O
you O
speedily O
do O
as O
I O
tell O
you O
and O
send O
on O
board O
ship O
to O
Syracuse O
troops B-LOC
that I-LOC
shall O
able O
to O
row O
their O
ships O
themselves O
and O
serve O
as O
heavy O
infantry O
the O
moment O
that O
they O
land; O
and O
what O
I O
consider O
even O
more O
important O
than O
the O
troops O
a O
Spartan O
as O
commanding O
officer O
to O
discipline O
the O
forces O
already O
on O
foot O
and O
to O
compel O
recusants B-PER
to O
serve. O
The O
friends O
that O
you O
have O
already O
will O
thus O
become O
more O
confident O
and O
the O
waverers O
will O
be O
encouraged O
to O
join O
you. O
Meanwhile O
you O
must O
carry O
on O
the O
war O
here B-LOC
more O
openly O
that O
the O
Syracusans O
seeing O
that O
you O
do O
not O
forget O
them O
may O
put O
heart O
into O
their O
resistance O
and O
that O
the O
Athenians O
may O
be O
less O
able O
to O
reinforce O
their O
armament. O
You O
must O
fortify O
Decelea O
in O
Attica O
the O
blow O
of O
which O
the O
Athenians O
are O
always O
most O
afraid O
and O
the O
only O
one O
that O
they O
think O
they O
have O
not O
experienced O
in O
the O
present O
war; O
the O
surest O
method O
of O
harming O
an O
enemy O
being O
to O
find O
out O
what O
he O
most O
fears O
and O
to O
choose O
this O
means O
of O
attacking O
him O
since O
every O
one O
naturally O
knows O
best O
his O
own O
weak O
points O
and O
fears O
accordingly. O
The O
fortification O
in O
question O
while O
it O
benefits O
you O
will O
create O
difficulties O
for O
your O
adversaries O
of O
which O
I O
shall O
pass O
over O
many O
and O
shall O
only O
mention O
the O
chief. O
Whatever B-LOC
property O
there O
is O
in O
the O
country O
will O
most O
of O
it O
become O
yours O
either O
by O
capture O
or O
surrender; O
and O
the O
Athenians O
will O
at O
once O
be O
deprived O
of O
their O
revenues O
from O
the O
silver O
mines O
at O
Laurium O
of O
their O
present O
gains O
from O
their O
land O
and O
from O
the O
law O
courts O
and O
above O
all O
of O
the O
revenue O
from O
their O
allies O
which O
will O
be O
paid O
less O
regularly O
as O
they O
lose O
their O
awe B-LOC
of O
Athens O
and O
see B-LOC
you O
addressing O
yourselves O
with O
vigour O
to O
the O
war. O
92The O
zeal O
and O
speed O
with O
which O
all O
this O
shall O
be O
done O
depends O
Lacedaemonians O
upon O
yourselves; O
as O
to O
its O
possibility O
I B-LOC
am I-LOC
quite O
confident O
and O
I O
have O
little O
fear O
of O
being O
mistaken. O
"Meanwhile O
I O
hope O
that O
none O
of O
you O
will O
think O
any O
the O
worse O
of B-LOC
me I-LOC
if O
after O
having O
hitherto O
passed O
as O
a O
lover O
of O
my O
country O
I O
now O
actively O
join O
its O
worst O
enemies O
in O
attacking O
it O
or O
will O
suspect O
what O
I O
say O
as O
the O
fruit O
of O
an O
outlaw's O
enthusiasm. O
I O
am O
an O
outlaw O
from O
the O
iniquity O
of O
those O
who O
drove O
me O
forth O
not O
if O
you O
will O
be O
guided O
by O
me O
from O
your O
service; O
my O
worst O
enemies O
are O
not O
you O
who O
only O
harmed O
your O
foes O
but O
they O
who O
forced O
their O
friends O
to O
become O
enemies; O
and O
love O
of O
country O
is O
what O
I O
do O
not O
feel O
when O
I O
am O
wronged O
but O
what O
I O
felt O
when O
secure O
in O
my O
rights O
as O
a O
citizen. O
Indeed O
I O
do O
not O
consider O
that O
I O
am O
now O
attacking O
a O
country O
that O
is O
still O
mine; O
I O
am O
rather O
trying O
to O
recover O
one O
that B-LOC
is O
mine B-LOC
no I-LOC
longer; O
and O
the O
true O
lover O
of O
his O
country O
is O
not O
he O
who O
consents O
to O
lose O
it O
unjustly O
rather O
than O
attack O
it O
but O
he O
who O
longs O
for O
it O
so O
much O
that O
he O
will O
go O
all O
lengths O
to O
recover O
it. O
For O
myself O
therefore O
Lacedaemonians O
I O
beg O
you O
to O
use O
me O
without O
scruple O
for O
danger O
and O
trouble O
of O
every O
kind O
and O
to O
remember O
the O
argument O
in O
every O
one's O
mouth O
that O
if O
I O
did O
you O
great O
harm O
as O
an O
enemy O
I O
could O
likewise O
do O
you O
good O
service O
as O
a O
friend O
inasmuch O
as O
I O
know O
the O
plans O
of O
the O
Athenians O
while O
I O
only O
guessed O
yours. O
For O
yourselves O
I O
entreat O
you O
to O
believe O
that O
your O
most O
capital O
interests O
are O
now O
under O
deliberation; O
and O
I O
urge O
you O
to O
send O
without O
hesitation O
the O
expeditions O
to O
Sicily O
and O
Attica; O
by O
the O
presence B-LOC
of O
a O
small O
part O
of O
your O
forces O
you O
will O
save O
important O
cities O
in O
that O
island O
and O
you O
will O
destroy O
the O
power O
of O
Athens O
both O
present O
and O
prospective; O
after O
this O
you O
will O
dwell O
in B-LOC
security O
and O
enjoy O
the O
supremacy O
over O
all O
Hellas O
resting O
not O
on O
force O
but O
upon O
consent O
and O
affection." O
93Such O
were O
the O
words O
of O
Alcibiades. O
The O
Lacedaemonians O
who O
had O
themselves O
before O
intended O
to O
march O
against O
Athens O
but O
were O
still O
waiting O
and O
looking O
about O
them O
at O
once O
became O
much O
more O
in O
earnest O
when O
they O
received O
this O
particular O
information O
from O
Alcibiades O
and O
considered O
that O
they O
had O
heard O
it O
from O
the O
man O
who O
best O
knew O
the O
truth O
of O
the O
matter. O
Accordingly O
they O
now O
turned O
their O
attention O
to O
the O
fortifying O
of O
Decelea O
and O
sending O
immediate O
aid O
to O
the O
Sicilians; O
and O
naming O
Gylippus O
son O
of O
Cleandridas O
to O
the O
command O
of O
the O
Syracusans O
bade O
him O
consult O
with O
that O
people O
and O
with O
the O
Corinthians O
and O
arrange O
for O
succours O
reaching O
the O
island O
in O
the O
best O
and O
speediest O
way O
possible O
under O
the O
circumstances. O
Gylippus O
desired O
the O
Corinthians O
to O
send O
him O
at O
once O
two O
ships O
to O
Asine O
and O
to O
prepare O
the O
rest O
that O
they O
intended O
to O
send O
and O
to O
have O
them O
ready O
to O
sail O
at O
the O
proper O
time. O
Having O
settled O
this O
the O
envoys O
departed O
from O
Lacedaemon. O
In O
the O
meantime O
arrived O
the O
Athenian O
galley O
from O
Sicily O
sent O
by O
the O
generals O
for O
money O
and O
cavalry; O
and O
the O
Athenians O
after O
hearing O
what O
they O
wanted O
voted O
to O
send O
the O
supplies O
for O
the O
armament O
and O
the O
cavalry. O
And O
the O
winter O
ended O
and O
with O
it O
ended O
the O
seventeenth O
year O
of O
the O
present O
war O
of O
which O
Thucydides O
is O
the O
historian. O
94The O
next O
summer O
at O
the O
very O
beginning O
of O
the O
season O
the O
Athenians O
in O
Sicily O
put O
out O
from O
Catana O
and O
sailed O
along O
shore O
to O
Megara O
in O
Sicily O
from O
which O
as O
I O
have O
mentioned O
above O
the O
Syracusans O
expelled O
the O
inhabitants O
in O
the O
time O
of O
their O
tyrant O
Gelo O
themselves O
occupying O
the B-LOC
territory. O
Here O
the O
Athenians O
landed O
and O
laid O
waste O
the O
country O
and O
after O
an O
unsuccessful O
attack O
upon O
a O
fort O
of O
the O
Syracusans O
went O
on O
with O
the B-LOC
fleet O
and O
army O
to O
the O
river O
Terias O
and O
advancing O
inland O
laid O
waste O
the O
plain O
and O
set O
fire O
to O
the O
corn; O
and B-LOC
after I-LOC
killing O
some O
of O
a O
small O
Syracusan O
party O
which O
they O
encountered O
and O
setting O
up O
a B-LOC
trophy I-LOC
went O
back O
again O
to O
their O
ships. O
They O
now O
sailed O
to O
Catana O
and O
took O
in O
provisions O
there O
and O
going O
with O
their O
whole O
force O
against O
Centoripa O
a O
town O
of O
the O
Sicels O
acquired O
it O
by O
capitulation O
and O
departed O
after O
also O
burning O
the B-LOC
corn I-LOC
of O
the O
Inessaeans O
and O
Hybleans. O
Upon O
their O
return O
to O
Catana O
they O
found O
the O
horsemen O
arrived O
from O
Athens O
to O
the O
number O
of O
two O
hundred O
and O
fifty O
(with O
their O
equipments B-LOC
but O
without O
their O
horses O
which O
were O
to O
be O
procured O
upon O
the B-PER
spot) O
and O
thirty B-PER
mounted I-PER
archers O
and O
three O
hundred O
talents O
of O
silver. O
95The O
same O
spring O
the O
Lacedaemonians O
marched O
against O
Argos O
and O
went O
as O
far O
as O
Cleonae O
when O
an O
earthquake O
occurred O
and O
caused O
them O
to O
return. O
After O
this O
the O
Argives O
invaded O
the O
Thyreatid O
which O
is O
on O
their O
border O
and O
took O
much O
booty B-LOC
from O
the O
Lacedaemonians O
which O
was O
sold O
for O
no O
less O
than O
twenty O
five O
talents. O
The O
same O
summer O
not O
long O
after O
the O
Thespian O
commons O
made O
an O
attack O
upon O
the B-LOC
party I-LOC
in O
office O
which O
was O
not O
successful O
but O
succours O
arrived B-LOC
from O
Thebes O
and O
some O
were O
caught O
while O
others O
took O
refuge O
at O
Athens. O
96The O
same O
summer O
the O
Syracusans O
learned O
that O
the O
Athenians O
had O
been O
joined O
by O
their O
cavalry O
and O
were O
on O
the O
point O
of O
marching O
against O
them; O
and O
seeing O
that O
without O
becoming O
masters O
of O
Epipolae O
a O
precipitous O
spot O
situated O
exactly O
over O
the O
town O
the O
Athenians O
could O
not O
even O
if O
victorious O
in O
battle O
easily B-LOC
invest O
them O
they O
determined O
to B-LOC
guard I-LOC
its B-LOC
approaches I-LOC
in O
order O
that O
the O
enemy O
might O
not O
ascend O
unobserved O
by O
this O
the O
sole O
way O
by O
which O
ascent O
was O
possible O
as B-PER
the O
remainder O
is O
lofty O
ground O
and O
falls O
right O
down O
to O
the O
city O
and O
can O
all O
be O
seen O
from O
inside; O
and O
as O
it O
lies O
above O
the O
rest O
the O
place O
is O
called O
by O
the O
Syracusans O
Epipolae O
or O
Overtown. O
They O
accordingly O
went O
out O
in O
mass O
at O
daybreak O
into O
the O
meadow O
along O
the O
river O
Anapus O
their O
new O
generals O
Hermocrates O
and O
his O
colleagues O
having O
just O
come O
into O
office O
and O
held O
a O
review O
of O
their O
heavy O
infantry O
from O
whom O
they O
first O
selected O
a O
picked O
body B-PER
of O
six O
hundred O
under O
the O
command O
of O
Diomilus O
an O
exile O
from O
Andros O
to O
guard B-PER
Epipolae I-PER
and O
to O
be O
ready O
to O
muster O
at O
a O
moment's O
notice O
to O
help O
wherever O
help O
should O
be O
required. O
97Meanwhile O
the O
Athenians O
the O
very O
same O
morning O
were O
holding B-LOC
a O
review O
having O
already O
made O
land O
unobserved O
with O
all O
the O
armament O
from O
Catana O
opposite O
a O
place O
called O
Leon O
not O
much O
more O
than O
half O
a O
mile O
from O
Epipolae O
where O
they O
disembarked O
their O
army O
bringing O
the O
fleet O
to O
anchor O
at O
Thapsus O
a O
peninsula O
running O
out O
into O
the O
sea O
with O
a O
narrow O
isthmus O
and O
not B-PER
far I-PER
from O
the O
city O
of O
Syracuse O
either O
by O
land O
or O
water. O
While O
the O
naval O
force O
of O
the O
Athenians O
threw O
a O
stockade O
across O
the O
isthmus O
and O
remained O
quiet O
at O
Thapsus O
the O
land O
army O
immediately O
went O
on O
at O
a O
run O
to O
Epipolae O
and O
succeeded O
in O
getting O
up O
by O
Euryelus O
before O
the O
Syracusans O
perceived O
them O
or O
could O
come O
up O
from O
the O
meadow O
and O
the O
review. O
Diomilus O
with O
his O
six O
hundred O
and O
the O
rest O
advanced O
as O
quickly O
as B-LOC
they I-LOC
could O
but O
they O
had O
nearly O
three O
miles O
to O
go O
from O
the B-LOC
meadow I-LOC
before O
reaching O
them. O
Attacking O
in O
this O
way O
in O
considerable O
disorder O
the O
Syracusans O
were O
defeated O
in O
battle O
at O
Epipolae O
and O
retired O
to O
the O
town O
with O
a O
loss O
of O
about O
three O
hundred O
killed O
and O
Diomilus O
among O
the O
number. O
After O
this O
the O
Athenians O
set O
up O
a O
trophy O
and O
restored O
to O
the O
Syracusans O
their O
dead O
under O
truce O
and O
next O
day O
descended O
to O
Syracuse O
itself; O
and O
no O
one O
coming O
out O
to O
meet O
them O
reascended O
and O
built O
a O
fort O
at O
Labdalum O
upon O
the O
edge O
of O
the O
cliffs O
of O
Epipolae O
looking O
towards O
Megara O
to O
serve O
as O
a O
magazine O
for O
their O
baggage O
and O
money O
whenever O
they O
advanced O
to O
battle O
or O
to O
work O
at O
the O
lines. O
98Not O
long O
afterwards O
three O
hundred O
cavalry O
came B-LOC
to I-LOC
them O
from O
Egesta O
and O
about O
a O
hundred O
from O
the O
Sicels O
Naxians O
and O
others; O
and O
thus O
with O
the O
two O
hundred O
and O
fifty B-PER
from I-PER
Athens O
for O
whom O
they O
had O
got O
horses O
from O
the O
Egestaeans O
and O
Catanians O
besides O
others O
that O
they O
bought O
they O
now O
mustered O
six O
hundred O
and O
fifty O
cavalry O
in O
all. O
After O
posting O
a O
garrison O
in O
Labdalum O
they O
advanced B-LOC
to O
Syca O
where B-PER
they I-PER
sat O
down O
and O
quickly O
built O
the O
Circle O
or O
centre O
of O
their O
wall O
of O
circumvallation. O
The O
Syracusans O
appalled O
at O
the O
rapidity O
with O
which O
the O
work O
advanced O
determined O
to O
go O
out O
against O
them O
and O
give O
battle O
and O
interrupt O
it; O
and O
the B-LOC
two I-LOC
armies O
were O
already O
in O
battle O
array O
when O
the O
Syracusan O
generals O
observed O
that B-LOC
their O
troops O
found O
such O
difficulty O
in O
getting O
into O
line O
and O
were O
in B-LOC
such I-LOC
disorder O
that O
they O
led O
them O
back O
into O
the O
town O
except O
part O
of O
the O
cavalry. O
These O
remained O
and O
hindered B-LOC
the O
Athenians O
from O
carrying O
stones O
or O
dispersing O
to O
any O
great O
distance O
until O
a O
tribe O
of O
the O
Athenian O
heavy O
infantry O
with O
all B-LOC
the I-LOC
cavalry O
charged O
and O
routed O
the O
Syracusan O
horse O
with B-LOC
some I-LOC
loss; O
after O
which O
they O
set O
up O
a O
trophy O
for O
the O
cavalry O
action. O
99The O
next O
day O
the O
Athenians O
began O
building O
the O
wall O
to O
the O
north O
of B-PER
the I-PER
Circle O
at O
the O
same O
time O
collecting O
stone O
and O
timber O
which O
they O
kept O
laying O
down O
towards O
Trogilus O
along O
the O
shortest O
line O
for O
their O
works O
from O
the O
great O
harbour O
to O
the O
sea; O
while O
the O
Syracusans O
guided O
by O
their O
generals O
and O
above O
all O
by O
Hermocrates B-LOC
instead O
of O
risking O
any O
more O
general O
engagements O
determined O
to O
build O
a O
counterwork O
in O
the O
direction O
in O
which O
the O
Athenians O
were O
going O
to O
carry O
their O
wall. O
If O
this O
could O
be O
completed O
in O
time O
the O
enemy's O
lines O
would O
be O
cut; B-LOC
and I-LOC
meanwhile O
if O
he O
were O
to O
attempt O
to O
interrupt O
them O
by O
an O
attack O
they O
would O
send O
a B-LOC
part I-LOC
of O
their O
forces O
against O
him O
and O
would O
secure O
the O
approaches O
beforehand B-LOC
with O
their O
stockade O
while O
the O
Athenians O
would O
have O
to O
leave O
off O
working O
with O
their O
whole O
force O
in O
order O
to O
attend O
to O
them. O
They O
accordingly O
sallied O
forth O
and O
began O
to O
build B-LOC
starting O
from O
their O
city O
running O
a B-LOC
cross O
wall O
below O
the O
Athenian O
Circle O
cutting O
down O
the O
olives O
and O
erecting O
wooden B-LOC
towers. O
As O
the O
Athenian O
fleet O
had O
not O
yet O
sailed O
round O
into O
the O
great O
harbour O
the O
Syracusans O
still O
commanded O
the O
seacoast O
and O
the O
Athenians O
brought O
their O
provisions O
by O
land O
from O
Thapsus. B-LOC
100The O
Syracusans O
now B-LOC
thought O
the O
stockades O
and O
stonework O
of O
their O
counterwall O
sufficiently O
far O
advanced; O
and O
as O
the O
Athenians O
afraid O
of O
being O
divided O
and O
so O
fighting O
at O
a O
disadvantage O
and O
intent O
upon O
their O
own O
wall O
did O
not O
come O
out O
to O
interrupt O
them O
they O
left O
one O
tribe O
to O
guard O
the O
new O
work O
and O
went O
back O
into O
the O
city. O
Meanwhile O
the O
Athenians O
destroyed O
their O
pipes O
of O
drinking O
water O
carried O
underground O
into O
the O
city; O
and O
watching O
until O
the O
rest O
of O
the O
Syracusans O
were O
in O
their O
tents O
at O
midday O
and O
some O
even O
gone O
away O
into O
the O
city O
and O
those O
in O
the O
stockade O
keeping O
but O
indifferent O
guard O
appointed O
three O
hundred O
picked O
men O
of O
their O
own O
and O
some O
men O
picked O
from O
the O
light O
troops O
and O
armed O
for O
the O
purpose O
to O
run O
suddenly O
as O
fast O
as O
they O
could O
to O
the O
counterwork O
while O
the O
rest O
of O
the O
army O
advanced O
in O
two O
divisions O
the O
one O
with O
one O
of O
the O
generals O
to O
the O
city O
in O
case O
of O
a O
sortie O
the O
other O
with O
the O
other O
general O
to O
the O
stockade O
by O
the O
postern O
gate. O
The O
three O
hundred O
attacked O
and O
took O
the O
stockade O
abandoned O
by O
its O
garrison O
who O
took O
refuge O
in O
the O
outworks O
round O
the O
statue O
of O
Apollo O
Temenites. O
Here O
the O
pursuers O
burst O
in O
with O
them O
and O
after O
getting O
in O
were O
beaten O
out O
by O
the O
Syracusans O
and O
some O
few O
of O
the O
Argives O
and O
Athenians O
slain; O
after O
which O
the O
whole O
army O
retired O
and O
having O
demolished O
the O
counterwork O
and O
pulled O
up O
the O
stockade O
carried O
away O
the O
stakes O
to O
their O
own O
lines O
and O
set O
up O
a O
trophy. O
101The O
next O
day O
the O
Athenians O
from O
the O
Circle O
proceeded O
to O
fortify O
the O
cliff O
above O
the O
marsh O
which O
on O
this O
side O
of O
Epipolae O
looks O
towards O
the O
great O
harbour; O
this O
being O
also O
the O
shortest O
line O
for O
their O
work O
to O
go O
down O
across O
the O
plain O
and O
the O
marsh O
to O
the O
harbour. O
Meanwhile O
the O
Syracusans O
marched O
out O
and O
began O
a O
second O
stockade O
starting O
from O
the O
city O
across O
the O
middle O
of O
the O
marsh O
digging O
a O
trench O
alongside O
to O
make O
it O
impossible O
for O
the O
Athenians O
to O
carry O
their O
wall O
down O
to O
the O
sea. O
As O
soon O
as O
the O
Athenians O
had O
finished O
their O
work O
at O
the O
cliff O
they O
again O
attacked O
the O
stockade O
and O
ditch O
of O
the O
Syracusans. O
Ordering O
the O
fleet O
to O
sail O
round O
from O
Thapsus O
into O
the O
great O
harbour O
of O
Syracuse O
they O
descended O
at O
about O
dawn O
from O
Epipolae O
into O
the O
plain O
and O
laying O
doors O
and O
planks O
over O
the O
marsh O
where O
it O
was O
muddy O
and O
firmest O
crossed O
over O
on O
these O
and O
by O
daybreak O
took O
the O
ditch O
and O
the O
stockade O
except O
a O
small O
portion O
which O
they O
captured O
afterwards. O
A O
battle O
now O
ensued O
in O
which O
the O
Athenians O
were O
victorious O
the O
right O
wing O
of O
the O
Syracusans O
flying O
to O
the O
town O
and O
the O
left O
to O
the O
river. O
The O
three O
hundred O
picked O
Athenians O
wishing O
to O
cut O
off O
their O
passage O
pressed O
on O
at O
a O
run O
to O
the O
bridge O
when O
the O
alarmed O
Syracusans O
who O
had O
with O
them O
most O
of O
their O
cavalry O
closed O
and O
routed O
them O
hurling O
them O
back O
upon O
the O
Athenian O
right O
wing O
the O
first O
tribe O
of O
which O
was O
thrown O
into O
a O
panic O
by O
the O
shock. O
Seeing O
this O
Lamachus O
came O
to O
their O
aid O
from O
the O
Athenian O
left O
with O
a O
few O
archers O
and O
with O
the O
Argives O
and O
crossing O
a O
ditch O
was O
left O
alone O
with O
a O
few O
that O
had O
crossed O
with O
him O
and O
was O
killed O
with O
five O
or O
six O
of O
his O
men. O
These O
the O
Syracusans O
managed O
immediately O
to O
snatch O
up O
in O
haste O
and O
get O
across O
the O
river O
into O
a O
place O
of O
security O
themselves O
retreating O
as O
the O
rest O
of O
the O
Athenian O
army O
now O
came O
up. O
102Meanwhile O
those O
who O
had O
at O
first O
fled O
for O
refuge O
to O
the O
city O
seeing O
the O
turn O
affairs O
were O
taking O
now O
rallied O
from O
the O
town O
and O
formed O
against O
the O
Athenians O
in O
front O
of O
them O
sending O
also O
a O
part O
of O
their O
number O
to O
the O
Circle O
on O
Epipolae O
which O
they O
hoped O
to O
take O
while O
denuded O
of O
its O
defenders. O
These O
took O
and O
destroyed O
the O
Athenian O
outwork O
of O
a O
thousand O
feet O
the O
Circle O
itself O
being O
saved O
by O
Nicias O
who O
happened O
to O
have O
been O
left O
in O
it O
through O
illness O
and O
who O
now O
ordered O
the O
servants O
to O
set O
fire O
to O
the O
engines O
and O
timber O
thrown O
down O
before O
the O
wall; O
want O
of O
men O
as O
he O
was O
aware O
rendering O
all O
other O
means O
of O
escape O
impossible. O
This O
step O
was O
justified O
by O
the O
result O
the O
Syracusans O
not O
coming O
any O
further O
on O
account O
of O
the O
fire O
but O
retreating. O
Meanwhile O
succours O
were O
coming O
up O
from O
the O
Athenians O
below O
who O
had O
put O
to O
flight O
the O
troops O
opposed O
to O
them; O
and O
the O
fleet O
also O
according O
to O
orders O
was B-LOC
sailing O
from O
Thapsus O
into O
the O
great O
harbour. B-LOC
Seeing O
this O
the O
troops O
on O
the O
heights O
retired O
in O
haste O
and O
the O
whole O
army O
of O
the O
Syracusans O
re O
entered O
the O
city O
thinking O
that O
with O
their O
present O
force O
they O
would O
no O
longer O
be O
able O
to O
hinder O
the O
wall O
reaching O
the O
sea. O
103After O
this O
the O
Athenians O
set O
up O
a O
trophy O
and O
restored O
to O
the O
Syracusans O
their O
dead O
under O
truce O
receiving O
in O
return O
Lamachus O
and O
those O
who O
had O
fallen O
with O
him. O
The O
whole O
of O
their O
forces O
naval O
and O
military O
being O
now O
with O
them O
they O
began O
from O
Epipolae O
and O
the O
cliffs O
and O
enclosed O
the O
Syracusans O
with O
a O
double O
wall O
down O
to O
the O
sea. O
Provisions O
were O
now O
brought O
in O
for O
the O
armament O
from O
all O
parts O
of O
Italy; O
and O
many O
of O
the O
Sicels O
who O
had O
hitherto O
been O
looking O
to O
see O
how B-PER
things I-PER
went O
came O
as O
allies O
to O
the O
Athenians O
there O
also O
arrived O
three O
ships O
of O
fifty O
oars O
from O
Tyrrhenia. O
Meanwhile O
everything O
else O
progressed O
favourably O
for O
their O
hopes. O
The O
Syracusans O
began O
to O
despair O
of O
finding O
safety O
in O
arms O
no O
relief O
having O
reached O
them O
from O
Peloponnese O
and O
were O
now O
proposing O
terms O
of O
capitulation O
among O
themselves O
and O
to O
Nicias O
who O
after O
the O
death O
of O
Lamachus O
was O
left O
sole O
commander. O
No O
decision O
was O
come O
to O
but O
as O
was O
natural O
with O
men O
in O
difficulties O
and O
besieged O
more O
straitly O
than O
before O
there O
was O
much O
discussion O
with O
Nicias O
and O
still O
more O
in O
the O
town. O
Their O
present O
misfortunes O
had O
also O
made O
them O
suspicious O
of O
one O
another; O
and O
the O
blame O
of O
their O
disasters O
was O
thrown O
upon O
the O
ill O
fortune O
or O
treachery O
of O
the O
generals O
under O
whose O
command O
they O
had O
happened; O
and B-PER
these I-PER
were O
deposed O
and O
others O
Heraclides O
Eucles O
and O
Tellias O
elected O
in O
their O
stead. O
104Meanwhile O
the O
Lacedaemonian O
Gylippus O
and O
the O
ships O
from O
Corinth O
were O
now O
off O
Leucas O
intent O
upon O
going O
with O
all O
haste O
to O
the O
relief O
of O
Sicily. O
The O
reports O
that O
reached O
them O
being O
of O
an O
alarming O
kind O
and O
all O
agreeing O
in O
the O
falsehood O
that O
Syracuse O
was O
already O
completely O
invested O
Gylippus O
abandoned O
all O
hope O
of O
Sicily O
and O
wishing O
to O
save O
Italy O
rapidly O
crossed O
the O
Ionian O
Sea O
to O
Tarentum O
with O
the O
Corinthian O
Pythen O
two O
Laconian O
and O
two O
Corinthian O
vessels O
leaving O
the O
Corinthians O
to O
follow O
him O
after O
manning O
in O
addition O
to O
their O
own O
ten O
two O
Leucadian O
and O
two O
Ambraciot O
ships. O
From O
Tarentum O
Gylippus O
first O
went O
on O
an O
embassy O
to O
Thurii O
and O
claimed O
anew O
the O
rights O
of O
citizenship O
which O
his O
father O
had O
enjoyed; O
failing O
to O
bring O
over O
the O
townspeople O
he O
weighed O
anchor O
and O
coasted O
along O
Italy. O
Opposite O
the O
Terinaean O
Gulf B-LOC
he O
was O
caught O
by O
the O
wind O
which O
blows O
violently O
and O
steadily O
from O
the O
north O
in O
that O
quarter O
and O
was O
carried O
out O
to O
sea; O
and B-LOC
after I-LOC
experiencing O
very O
rough O
weather O
remade O
Tarentum O
where O
he O
hauled O
ashore O
and O
refitted O
such O
of O
his O
ships O
as O
had O
suffered O
most O
from O
the O
tempest. O
Nicias O
heard B-LOC
of O
his O
approach O
but O
like O
the O
Thurians O
despised O
the O
scanty O
number O
of O
his O
ships O
and O
set O
down O
piracy O
as O
the O
only O
probable O
object O
of O
the O
voyage O
and O
so O
took O
no O
precautions O
for O
the O
present. O
104About O
the O
same O
time O
in O
this O
summer O
the O
Lacedaemonians O
invaded O
Argos O
with O
their O
allies O
and O
laid O
waste O
most O
of O
the O
country. O
The O
Athenians O
went O
with O
thirty O
ships O
to O
the O
relief O
of O
the O
Argives O
thus O
breaking O
their O
treaty O
with O
the O
Lacedaemonians B-PER
in O
the O
most O
overt O
manner. B-PER
Up O
to O
this O
time O
incursions O
from O
Pylos O
descents O
on O
the O
coast O
of O
the O
rest O
of O
Peloponnese O
instead O
of O
on O
the O
Laconian O
had O
been O
the O
extent O
of O
their O
co O
operation O
with O
the O
Argives B-PER
and O
Mantineans; O
and O
although O
the O
Argives O
had O
often O
begged O
them O
to O
land O
if O
only O
for O
a O
moment O
with O
their O
heavy O
infantry O
in O
Laconia O
lay O
waste O
ever O
so O
little O
of O
it O
with O
them O
and O
depart O
they O
had O
always O
refused O
to O
do O
so. O
Now O
however O
under O
the O
command O
of O
Phytodorus O
Laespodius O
and B-LOC
Demaratus I-LOC
they O
landed O
at B-PER
Epidaurus O
Limera O
Prasiae O
and O
other O
places O
and O
plundered O
the B-PER
country; I-PER
and O
thus O
furnished O
the B-LOC
Lacedaemonians O
with B-PER
a O
better O
pretext O
for O
hostilities O
against O
Athens. O
After O
the B-LOC
Athenians O
had O
retired O
from O
Argos O
with O
their O
fleet O
and O
the O
Lacedaemonians O
also O
the O
Argives O
made O
an O
incursion B-LOC
into O
the O
Phlisaid O
and O
returned O
home B-PER
after I-PER
ravaging O
their O
land O
and B-LOC
killing I-LOC
some O
of O
the O
inhabitants. O